Trends in runaway electron plateau partial recombination by massive H 2 or D 2 injection in DIII-D and JET and first extrapolations to ITER and SPARC

Hollmann, E. M.; Baylor, L.; Boboc, A.; Carvalho, P.; Eidietis, N. W.; Herfindal, J. L.; Jachmich, S.; Lvovskiy, A.; Paz-Soldan, C.; Reux, C.; Shiraki, D.; Sweeney, R.

doi:10.1088/1741-4326/acb4aa

Trends in runaway electron plateau partial recombination by massive H ₂ or D ₂ injection in DIII-D and JET and first extrapolations to ITER and SPARC

Journal Article · Wed Feb 01 23:00:00 EST 2023 · Nuclear Fusion

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb4aa· OSTI ID:1922864

Hollmann, E. M.; Baylor, L.; Boboc, A.; Carvalho, P.; ; ; Jachmich, S.; ; ; ; Shiraki, D.;

Abstract

Experimental trends in thermal plasma partial recombination resulting from massive $D_{2}$ injection into high-Z (Ar) containing runaway electron (RE) plateaus in DIII-D and JET are studied for the purpose of achieving sufficiently low electron density ( $n_{e} \approx 10^{18} m^{- 3}$ ) to increase RE final loss MHD levels. In both DIII-D and JET, thermal electron density $n_{e}$ is found to drop by ∼100 $\times$ when the thermal plasma partially recombines, with a minimum at a vacuum vessel-averaged $D_{2}$ density in the range $10^{20} - 10^{21} m^{- 3}$ . RE effective resistivity also drops after partial recombination, indicating expulsion of the Ar content. The $n_{e}$ level after partial recombination is found to increase as RE current is increased. The amount of initial Ar in the RE plateau is not observed to have a strong effect on partial recombination. Partial recombination timescales of order 5 ms in DIII-D and 15 ms in JET are observed. These basic trends and timescales are matched with a 1D diffusion model, which is then used to extrapolate to ITER and SPARC tokamaks. Within the approximations of this model, it is predicted that ITER will be able to achieve sufficiently low $n_{e}$ values on time scales faster than expected RE plateau vertical drift timescales (of order 100 ms), provided sufficient $D_{2}$ or $H_{2}$ is injected. In SPARC, it is predicted that achieving significant $n_{e}$ recombination will be challenging, due to the very high RE current density. In both ITER and SPARC, it is predicted that achieving low $n_{e}$ will be easier with Ar as a background impurity (rather than Ne).

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1922864

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2320365
OSTI ID: 1909948
OSTI ID: 1960104
OSTI ID: 1998189

Journal Information:: Nuclear Fusion, Journal Name: Nuclear Fusion Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 63; ISSN 0029-5515

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: IAEA

Language:: English

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Trends in runaway electron plateau partial recombination by massive H ₂ or D ₂ injection in DIII-D and JET and first extrapolations to ITER and SPARC