Constraining the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays across and above the ankle with the spectrum and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Abdul Halim, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Allekotte, I.; Almeida Cheminant, K.; Almela, A.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Ammerman Yebra, J.; Anastasi, G. A.; Anchordoqui, L.; Andrada, B.; Andringa, S.; Aramo, C.; Araújo Ferreira, P. R.; Arnone, E.; Arteaga Velázquez, J. C.; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Avila, G.; Avocone, E.; Badescu, A. M.; Bakalova, A.; Balaceanu, A.; Barbato, F.; Bellido, J. A.; Berat, C.; Bertaina, M. E.; Bhatta, G.; Biermann, P. L.; Binet, V.; Bismark, K.; Bister, T.; Biteau, J.; Blazek, J.; Bleve, C.; Blümer, J.; Boháčová, M.; Boncioli, D.; Bonifazi, C.; Bonneau Arbeletche, L.; Borodai, N.; Brack, J.; Bretz, T.; Brichetto Orchera, P. G.; Briechle, F. L.; Buchholz, P.; Bueno, A.; Buitink, S.; Buscemi, M.; Büsken, M.; Bwembya, A.; Caballero-Mora, K. S.; Caccianiga, L.; Caracas, I.; Caruso, R.; Castellina, A.; Catalani, F.; Cataldi, G.; Cazon, L.; Cerda, M.; Chinellato, J. A.; Chudoba, J.; Chytka, L.; Clay, R. W.; Cobos Cerutti, A. C.; Colalillo, R.; Coleman, A.; Coluccia, M. R.; Conceição, R.; Condorelli, A.; Consolati, G.; Conte, M.; Contreras, F.; Convenga, F.; Correia dos Santos, D.; Covault, C. E.; Cristinziani, M.; Cruz Sanchez, C. S.; Dasso, S.; Daumiller, K.; Dawson, B. R.; de Almeida, R. M.; de Jesús, J.; de Jong, S. J.; de Mello Neto, J. R.T.; De Mitri, I.; de Oliveira, J.; de Oliveira Franco, D.; de Palma, F.; de Souza, V.; De Vito, E.; Del Popolo, A.; Deligny, O.; Deval, L.; di Matteo, A.; Dobre, M.; Dobrigkeit, C.; D'Olivo, J. C.; Domingues Mendes, L. M.; dos Anjos, R. C.; Ebr, J.; Eman, M.; Engel, R.; Epicoco, I.; Erdmann, M.; Etchegoyen, A.; Falcke, H.; Farmer, J.; Farrar, G.; Fauth, A. C.; Fazzini, N.; Feldbusch, F.; Fenu, F.; Fick, B.; Figueira, J. M.; Filipčič, A.; Fitoussi, T.; Flaggs, B.; Fodran, T.; Fujii, T.; Fuster, A.; Galea, C.; Galelli, C.; García, B.; Gemmeke, H.; Gesualdi, F.; Gherghel-Lascu, A.; Ghia, P. L.; Giaccari, U.; Giammarchi, M.; Glombitza, J.; Gobbi, F.; Gollan, F.; Golup, G.; Gómez Berisso, M.; Gómez Vitale, P. F.; Gongora, J. P.; González, J. M.; González, N.; Goos, I.; Góra, D.; Gorgi, A.; Gottowik, M.; Grubb, T. D.; Guarino, F.; Guedes, G. P.; Guido, E.; Hahn, S.; Hamal, P.; Hampel, M. R.; Hansen, P.; Harari, D.; Harvey, V. M.; Haungs, A.; Hebbeker, T.; Heck, D.; Hojvat, C.; Hörandel, J. R.; Horvath, P.; Hrabovský, M.; Huege, T.; Insolia, A.; Isar, P. G.; Janecek, P.; Johnsen, J. A.; Jurysek, J.; Kääpä, A.; Kampert, K. H.; Keilhauer, B.; Khakurdikar, A.; Kizakke Covilakam, V. V.; Klages, H. O.; Kleifges, M.; Kleinfeller, J.; Knapp, F.; Kunka, N.; Lago, B. L.; Langner, N.; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.; Lenok, V.; Letessier-Selvon, A.; Lhenry-Yvon, I.; Lo Presti, D.; Lopes, L.; López, R.; Lu, L.; Luce, Q.; Lundquist, J. P.; Machado Payeras, A.; Majercakova, M.; Mandat, D.; Manning, B. C.; Manshanden, J.; Mantsch, P.; Marafico, S.; Mariani, F. M.; Mariazzi, A. G.; Mariş, I. C.; Marsella, G.; Martello, D.; Martinelli, S.; Martínez Bravo, O.; Martins, M. A.; Mastrodicasa, M.; Mathes, H. 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doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/05/024

Title: Constraining the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays across and above the ankle with the spectrum and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Journal Article · Wed May 10 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/05/024· OSTI ID:1915441

Abdul Halim, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Allekotte, I.; Almeida Cheminant, K.; Almela, A.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Ammerman Yebra, J.; Anastasi, G. A.; Anchordoqui, L.; Andrada, B.; Andringa, S.; Aramo, C.; Araújo Ferreira, P. R.; Arnone, E.; Arteaga Velázquez, J. C.; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Avila, G.; Avocone, E. more »

In this work we present the interpretation of the energy spectrum and mass composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Collaboration above 6 × 10¹⁷ eV. We use an astrophysical model with two extragalactic source populations to model the hardening of the cosmic-ray flux at around 5 × 10¹⁸ eV (the so-called "ankle" feature) as a transition between these two components. We find our data to be well reproduced if sources above the ankle emit a mixed composition with a hard spectrum and a low rigidity cutoff. The component below the ankle is required to have a very soft spectrum and a mix of protons and intermediate-mass nuclei. The origin of this intermediate-mass component is not well constrained and it could originate from either Galactic or extragalactic sources. To the aim of evaluating our capability to constrain astrophysical models, we discuss the impact on the fit results of the main experimental systematic uncertainties and of the assumptions about quantities affecting the air shower development as well as the propagation and redshift distribution of injected ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).

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Research Organization:: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Contributing Organization:: Pierre Auger Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359; FR02-04ER41300; FG02-99ER41107; SC0011689

OSTI ID:: 1915441

Report Number(s):: FERMILAB-PUB-22-876-AD-PPD-SCD-TD; arXiv:2211.02857; oai:inspirehep.net:2177649; TRN: US2312237

Journal Information:: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2023, Issue 05; ISSN 1475-7516

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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