Technical, Economic, and Environmental Comparison of Closed-Loop Recycling Technologies for Common Plastics
[1];
[3];
[4];
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States, Bio-Optimized Technologies to keep Thermoplastics out of Landfills and the Environment (BOTTLE) Consortium, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
- Bio-Optimized Technologies to keep Thermoplastics out of Landfills and the Environment (BOTTLE) Consortium, Golden, Colorado80401, United States, Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
- Bio-Optimized Technologies to keep Thermoplastics out of Landfills and the Environment (BOTTLE) Consortium, Golden, Colorado80401, United States, Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
Over 400 million metric tons of plastic waste are generated globally each year, resulting in pollution and lost resources. Recycling strategies can recapture this wasted material, but there is a lack of quantitative and transparent data on the capabilities and impacts of these processes. Here, we develop a data set of material quality, material retention, circularity, contamination tolerance, minimum selling price, greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, land use, toxicity, waste generation, and water use metrics for closed-loop polymer recycling technologies, including mechanical recycling and solvent-based dissolution of polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polypropylene, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis, glycolysis, and vapor methanolysis of PET. Mechanical recycling and PET glycolysis display the best economic (9%-73% lower than competing technologies) and environmental (7%-88% lower) performances, while dissolution, enzymatic hydrolysis, and methanolysis provide the best recyclate material qualities (2%-27% higher). We identify electricity, steam, and organic solvents as top process contributors to these metrics and apply sensitivity and multicriteria decision analyses to highlight key future research areas. The estimates derived in this work provide a quantitative baseline for comparing and improving recycling technologies, can help reclaimers identify optimal end-of-life routes for given waste streams, and serve as a framework for assessing future innovations.
- Research Organization:
- National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC36-08GO28308
- OSTI ID:
- 1909055
- Alternate ID(s):
- OSTI ID: 1915248
- Report Number(s):
- NREL/JA-6A20-83212
- Journal Information:
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Journal Name: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Vol. 11 Journal Issue: 3; ISSN 2168-0485
- Publisher:
- American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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