Wind farm flow control: prospects and challenges

Meyers, Johan; Bottasso, Carlo; Dykes, Katherine; Fleming, Paul; Gebraad, Pieter; Giebel, Gregor; Göçmen, Tuhfe; van Wingerden, Jan-Willem

doi:10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022

Wind farm flow control: prospects and challenges

Journal Article · Fri Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2022 · Wind Energy Science (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022· OSTI ID:1899796

; ; ; ; Gebraad, Pieter; ; ;

Abstract. Wind farm control has been a topic of research for more than two decades. It has been identified as a core component of grand challenges in wind energy science to support accelerated wind energy deployment and to transition to a clean and sustainable energy system for the 21st century. The prospect of collective control of wind turbines in an array, to increase energy extraction, reduce structural loads, improve the balance of systems, reduce operation and maintenance costs, etc. has inspired many researchers over the years to propose innovative ideas and solutions. However, practical demonstration and commercialization of some of the more advanced concepts has been limited by a wide range of challenges, which include the complex physics of turbulent flows in wind farms and the atmosphere, uncertainties related to predicting structural load and failure statistics, and the highly multi-disciplinary nature of the overall design optimization problem, among others. In the current work, we aim at providing a comprehensive overview of the state of the art and outstanding challenges, thus identifying the key research areas that could further enable commercial uptake and success of wind farm control solutions. To this end, we have structured the discussion on challenges and opportunities into four main areas: (1) insight in control flow physics, (2) algorithms and AI, (3) validation and industry implementation, and (4) integrating control with system design (co-design).

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1899796

Journal Information:: Wind Energy Science (Online), Journal Name: Wind Energy Science (Online) Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 7; ISSN 2366-7451

Publisher:: Copernicus GmbHCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

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Scaled Aerodynamic Wind Turbine Design for Wake Similarity Kelley, Christopher L.; Maniaci, David C.; Resor, Brian R. 34th Wind Energy Symposium https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-1521	conference	January 2016
An Experimental Investigation on the Aeromechanic Performance and Wake Characteristics of a Wind Turbine Model Subjected to Pitch Motions Hu, Hui; Khosravi, Morteza; Sarkar, Partha 34th Wind Energy Symposium https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-1997	conference	January 2016
Benefits of Two Turbine Rotor Diameters and Hub Heights in the Same Wind Farm Stanley, Andrew P.; Ning, Andrew; Dykes, Katherine 2018 Wind Energy Symposium https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-2016	conference	January 2018
Dynamic Programming Framework for Wind Power Maximization Rotea, Mario A. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, Vol. 47, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.02071	journal	January 2014
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Optimal Power Dispatch of an Offshore Wind Farm under Generator Fault Ma, Kuichao; Zhu, Jiangsheng; Soltani, Mohsen Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061184	journal	March 2019
A New Miniature Wind Turbine for Wind Tunnel Experiments. Part I: Design and Performance Bastankhah, Majid; Porté-Agel, Fernando Energies, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070908	journal	July 2017
Flow Adjustment Inside and Around Large Finite-Size Wind Farms Wu, Ka; Porté-Agel, Fernando Energies, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122164	journal	December 2017
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Wind Farm Blockage and the Consequences of Neglecting Its Impact on Energy Production Bleeg, James; Purcell, Mark; Ruisi, Renzo Energies, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061609	journal	June 2018
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Optimal Coordinated Control of Power Extraction in LES of a Wind Farm with Entrance Effects Goit, Jay; Munters, Wim; Meyers, Johan Energies, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/en9010029	journal	January 2016
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Lidar-based wake tracking for closed-loop wind farm control Raach, Steffen; Schlipf, David; Cheng, Po Wen Wind Energy Science, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-257-2017	journal	January 2017
Demonstration and uncertainty analysis of synchronised scanning lidar measurements of 2-D velocity fields in a boundary-layer wind tunnel van Dooren, Marijn Floris; Campagnolo, Filippo; Sjöholm, Mikael Wind Energy Science, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-329-2017	journal	June 2017
Wind farms providing secondary frequency regulation: evaluating the performance of model-based receding horizon control Shapiro, Carl R.; Meyers, Johan; Meneveau, Charles Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-11-2018	journal	January 2018
Assessment of wind turbine component loads under yaw-offset conditions Damiani, Rick; Dana, Scott; Annoni, Jennifer Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-173-2018	journal	January 2018
A simulation study demonstrating the importance of large-scale trailing vortices in wake steering Fleming, Paul; Annoni, Jennifer; Churchfield, Matthew Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-243-2018	journal	January 2018
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Towards practical dynamic induction control of wind farms: analysis of optimally controlled wind-farm boundary layers and sinusoidal induction control of first-row turbines Munters, Wim; Meyers, Johan Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-409-2018	journal	January 2018
Extending the life of wind turbine blade leading edges by reducing the tip speed during extreme precipitation events Bech, Jakob Ilsted; Hasager, Charlotte Bay; Bak, Christian Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-729-2018	journal	January 2018
Online model calibration for a simplified LES model in pursuit of real-time closed-loop wind farm control Doekemeijer, Bart M.; Boersma, Sjoerd; Pao, Lucy Y. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-749-2018	journal	January 2018
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Robust active wake control in consideration of wind direction variability and uncertainty Rott, Andreas; Doekemeijer, Bart; Seifert, Janna Kristina Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-869-2018	journal	January 2018
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Local turbulence parameterization improves the Jensen wake model and its implementation for power optimization of an operating wind farm Duc, Thomas; Coupiac, Olivier; Girard, Nicolas Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-287-2019	journal	January 2019
Wind direction estimation using SCADA data with consensus-based optimization Annoni, Jennifer; Bay, Christopher; Johnson, Kathryn Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-355-2019	journal	January 2019
A vortex-based tip/smearing correction for the actuator line Meyer Forsting, Alexander R.; Pirrung, Georg Raimund; Ramos-García, Néstor Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-369-2019	journal	January 2019
Wake behavior and control: comparison of LES simulations and wind tunnel measurements Wang, Jiangang; Wang, Chengyu; Campagnolo, Filippo Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-71-2019	journal	January 2019
Coupled wind turbine design and layout optimization with nonhomogeneous wind turbines Stanley, Andrew P. J.; Ning, Andrew Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-99-2019	journal	January 2019
Wind tunnel testing of wake steering with dynamic wind direction changes Campagnolo, Filippo; Weber, Robin; Schreiber, Johannes Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1273-2020	journal	January 2020
Optimal closed-loop wake steering – Part 1: Conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layer conditions Howland, Michael F.; Ghate, Aditya S.; Lele, Sanjiva K. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1315-2020	journal	January 2020
Identification of airfoil polars from uncertain experimental measurements Wang, Chengyu; Campagnolo, Filippo; Bottasso, Carlo L. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1537-2020	journal	November 2020
Integrated wind farm layout and control optimization Pedersen, Mads M.; Larsen, Gunner C. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1551-2020	journal	November 2020
Global trends in the performance of large wind farms based on high-fidelity simulations Andersen, Søren Juhl; Breton, Simon-Philippe; Witha, Björn Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1689-2020	journal	December 2020
Periodic dynamic induction control of wind farms: proving the potential in simulations and wind tunnel experiments Frederik, Joeri Alexis; Weber, Robin; Cacciola, Stefano Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-245-2020	journal	January 2020
Optimizing wind farm control through wake steering using surrogate models based on high-fidelity simulations Hulsman, Paul; Andersen, Søren Juhl; Göçmen, Tuhfe Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-309-2020	journal	January 2020
Wake steering optimization under uncertainty Quick, Julian; King, Jennifer; King, Ryan N. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020	journal	January 2020
Improving wind farm flow models by learning from operational data Schreiber, Johannes; Bottasso, Carlo L.; Salbert, Bastian Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-647-2020	journal	January 2020
Field testing of a local wind inflow estimator and wake detector Schreiber, Johannes; Bottasso, Carlo L.; Bertelè, Marta Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-867-2020	journal	July 2020
Real-time optimization of wind farms using modifier adaptation and machine learning Andersson, Leif Erik; Imsland, Lars Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-885-2020	journal	January 2020
Continued results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 2 Fleming, Paul; King, Jennifer; Simley, Eric Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-945-2020	journal	January 2020
Results from a wake-steering experiment at a commercial wind plant: investigating the wind speed dependence of wake-steering performance Simley, Eric; Fleming, Paul; Girard, Nicolas Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1427-2021	journal	January 2021
Field experiment for open-loop yaw-based wake steering at a commercial onshore wind farm in Italy Doekemeijer, Bart M.; Kern, Stefan; Maturu, Sivateja Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-159-2021	journal	January 2021
Set-point optimization in wind farms to mitigate effects of flow blockage induced by atmospheric gravity waves Lanzilao, Luca; Meyers, Johan Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-247-2021	journal	February 2021
Wake redirection at higher axial induction Cossu, Carlo Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-377-2021	journal	January 2021
Axial induction controller field test at Sedini wind farm Bossanyi, Ervin; Ruisi, Renzo Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-389-2021	journal	January 2021
Offshore wind farm global blockage measured with scanning lidar Schneemann, Jörge; Theuer, Frauke; Rott, Andreas Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-521-2021	journal	April 2021
On the scaling of wind turbine rotors Canet, Helena; Bortolotti, Pietro; Bottasso, Carlo L. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-601-2021	journal	May 2021
Evaluation of tilt control for wind-turbine arrays in the atmospheric boundary layer Cossu, Carlo Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-663-2021	journal	May 2021
Wind inflow observation from load harmonics: initial steps towards a field validation Bertelè, Marta; Bottasso, Carlo L.; Schreiber, Johannes Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-759-2021	journal	May 2021
How realistic are the wakes of scaled wind turbine models? Wang, Chengyu; Campagnolo, Filippo; Canet, Helena Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-961-2021	journal	June 2021
Design, steady performance and wake characterization of a scaled wind turbine with pitch, torque and yaw actuation Nanos, Emmanouil M.; Bottasso, Carlo L.; Campagnolo, Filippo Wind Energy Science, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1263-2022	journal	June 2022
The revised FLORIDyn model: implementation of heterogeneous flow and the Gaussian wake Becker, Marcus; Ritter, Bastian; Doekemeijer, Bart Wind Energy Science, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2163-2022	journal	November 2022

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