Global Carbon Budget 2022

Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Gregor, Luke; Hauck, Judith; Le Quéré, Corinne; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Olsen, Are; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Sitch, Stephen; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Alin, Simone R.; Alkama, Ramdane; Arneth, Almut; Arora, Vivek K.; Bates, Nicholas R.; Becker, Meike; Bellouin, Nicolas; Bittig, Henry C.; Bopp, Laurent; Chevallier, Frédéric; Chini, Louise P.; Cronin, Margot; Evans, Wiley; Falk, Stefanie; Feely, Richard A.; Gasser, Thomas; Gehlen, Marion; Gkritzalis, Thanos; Gloege, Lucas; Grassi, Giacomo; Gruber, Nicolas; Gürses, Özgür; Harris, Ian; Hefner, Matthew; Houghton, Richard A.; Hurtt, George C.; Iida, Yosuke; Ilyina, Tatiana; Jain, Atul K.; Jersild, Annika; Kadono, Koji; Kato, Etsushi; Kennedy, Daniel; Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Knauer, Jürgen; Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Landschützer, Peter; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Lindsay, Keith; Liu, Junjie; Liu, Zhu; Marland, Gregg; Mayot, Nicolas; McGrath, Matthew J.; Metzl, Nicolas; Monacci, Natalie M.; Munro, David R.; Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro; Niwa, Yosuke; O'Brien, Kevin; Ono, Tsuneo; Palmer, Paul I.; Pan, Naiqing; Pierrot, Denis; Pocock, Katie; Poulter, Benjamin; Resplandy, Laure; Robertson, Eddy; Rödenbeck, Christian; Rodriguez, Carmen; Rosan, Thais M.; Schwinger, Jörg; Séférian, Roland; Shutler, Jamie D.; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sun, Qing; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Sweeney, Colm; Takao, Shintaro; Tanhua, Toste; Tans, Pieter P.; Tian, Xiangjun; Tian, Hanqin; Tilbrook, Bronte; Tsujino, Hiroyuki; Tubiello, Francesco; van der Werf, Guido R.; Walker, Anthony P.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Whitehead, Chris; Willstrand Wranne, Anna; Wright, Rebecca; Yuan, Wenping; Yue, Chao; Yue, Xu; Zaehle, Sönke; Zeng, Jiye; Zheng, Bo

doi:10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022

Global Carbon Budget 2022

Journal Article · Thu Nov 10 23:00:00 EST 2022 · Earth System Science Data (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022· OSTI ID:1897754

; ; Jones, Matthew W.; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Sitch, Stephen; ; ; ; ; Alkama, Ramdane; more »

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2021, EFOS increased by 5.1 % relative to 2020, with fossil emissions at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 10.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (40.0 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2021, GATM was 5.2 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.5 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.6 GtC yr−1 (i.e. the total estimated sources were too low or sinks were too high). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2021 reached 414.71 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2022 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2021 of +1.0 % (0.1 % to 1.9 %) globally and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 417.2 ppm, more than 50 % above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2021, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extratropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b).

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012972

OSTI ID:: 1897754

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2283824

Journal Information:: Earth System Science Data (Online), Journal Name: Earth System Science Data (Online) Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 14; ISSN 1866-3516

Publisher:: Copernicus GmbHCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

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Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine Souza, Carlos M.; Z. Shimbo, Julia; Rosa, Marcos R. Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172735	journal	August 2020
A new evaluation of the uncertainty associated with CDIAC estimates of fossil fuel carbon dioxide emission Andres, Robert J.; Boden, Thomas A.; Higdon, David Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v66.23616	journal	January 2014
Global simulations of carbon allocation coefficients for deciduous vegetation types Xia, Jiangzhou; Chen, Yang; Liang, Shunlin Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 67, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.28016	journal	October 2015
Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited: Gas exchange and wind speed over the ocean Wanninkhof, Rik Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.351	journal	June 2014
Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009) van der Werf, G. R.; Randerson, J. T.; Giglio, L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010	journal	January 2010
A joint data assimilation system (Tan-Tracker) to simultaneously estimate surface CO₂ fluxes and 3-D atmospheric CO₂ concentrations from observations Tian, X.; Xie, Z.; Liu, Y. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13281-2014	journal	December 2014
Estimates of European uptake of CO ₂ inferred from GOSAT X _{CO ₂} retrievals: sensitivity to measurement bias inside and outside Europe Feng, L.; Palmer, P. I.; Parker, R. J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1289-2016	journal	January 2016
The CAMS reanalysis of atmospheric composition Inness, Antje; Ades, Melanie; Agustí-Panareda, Anna Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3515-2019	journal	January 2019
Contribution and uncertainty of sectorial and regional emissions to regional and global PM_2.5 health impacts Crippa, Monica; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Guizzardi, Diego Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5165-2019	journal	April 2019
Global carbon budgets estimated from atmospheric O 2 ∕N 2 and CO 2 observations in the western Pacific region over a 15-year period Tohjima, Yasunori; Mukai, Hitoshi; Machida, Toshinobu Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9269-2019	journal	January 2019
Global and regional carbon budget for 2015–2020 inferred from OCO-2 based on an ensemble Kalman filter coupled with GEOS-Chem Kong, Yawen; Zheng, Bo; Zhang, Qiang Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10769-2022	journal	August 2022
CO₂ flux history 1982–2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport Rödenbeck, C.; Houweling, S.; Gloor, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1919-2003	journal	January 2003
Estimating surface CO ₂ fluxes from space-borne CO ₂ dry air mole fraction observations using an ensemble Kalman Filter Feng, L.; Palmer, P. I.; Bösch, H. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2619-2009	journal	January 2009
Revision of the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO/GAW) CO₂ calibration scale Hall, Bradley D.; Crotwell, Andrew M.; Kitzis, Duane R. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3015-2021	journal	April 2021
Causes of variation in soil carbon simulations from CMIP5 Earth system models and comparison with observations Todd-Brown, K. E. O.; Randerson, J. T.; Post, W. M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1717-2013	journal	January 2013
Global ocean carbon uptake: magnitude, variability and trends Wanninkhof, R.; Park, G. -H.; Takahashi, T. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1983-2013	journal	January 2013
Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon Khatiwala, S.; Tanhua, T.; Mikaloff Fletcher, S. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2169-2013	journal	January 2013
Implications of incorporating N cycling and N limitations on primary production in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model Smith, B.; Wårlind, D.; Arneth, A. Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2027-2014	journal	January 2014
Interannual sea–air CO ₂ flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme Rödenbeck, C.; Bakker, D. C. E.; Metzl, N. Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4599-2014	journal	January 2014
Comparing the influence of net and gross anthropogenic land-use and land-cover changes on the carbon cycle in the MPI-ESM Wilkenskjeld, S.; Kloster, S.; Pongratz, J. Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4817-2014	journal	January 2014
Terrestrial cycling of ¹³ CO ₂ by photosynthesis, respiration, and biomass burning in SiBCASA van der Velde, I. R.; Miller, J. B.; Schaefer, K. Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6553-2014	journal	January 2014
Audit of the global carbon budget: estimate errors and their impact on uptake uncertainty Ballantyne, A. P.; Andres, R.; Houghton, R. Biogeosciences, Vol. 12, Issue 8, p. 2565-2584 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2565-2015	journal	January 2015
Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010 McGrath, M. J.; Luyssaert, S.; Meyfroidt, P. Biogeosciences, Vol. 12, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4291-2015	journal	July 2015
Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability – first results of the Surface Ocean p CO ₂ Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM) Rödenbeck, C.; Bakker, D. C. E.; Gruber, N. Biogeosciences, Vol. 12, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015	journal	January 2015
Reviews and syntheses: An empirical spatiotemporal description of the global surface–atmosphere carbon fluxes: opportunities and data limitations Zscheischler, Jakob; Mahecha, Miguel D.; Avitabile, Valerio Biogeosciences, Vol. 14, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3685-2017	journal	January 2017
Land-use and land-cover change carbon emissions between 1901 and 2012 constrained by biomass observations Li, Wei; Ciais, Philippe; Peng, Shushi Biogeosciences, Vol. 14, Issue 22, p. 5053-5067 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5053-2017	journal	January 2017
Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO₂ uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis Roobaert, Alizée; Laruelle, Goulven G.; Landschützer, Peter Biogeosciences, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018	journal	January 2018
A Bayesian ensemble data assimilation to constrain model parameters and land-use carbon emissions Lienert, Sebastian; Joos, Fortunat Biogeosciences, Vol. 15, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2909-2018	journal	January 2018
An improved parameterization of leaf area index (LAI) seasonality in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) modelling framework Asaadi, Ali; Arora, Vivek K.; Melton, Joe R. Biogeosciences, Vol. 15, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6885-2018	journal	January 2018
Global atmospheric CO ₂ inverse models converging on neutral tropical land exchange, but disagreeing on fossil fuel and atmospheric growth rate Gaubert, Benjamin; Stephens, Britton B.; Basu, Sourish Biogeosciences, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-117-2019	journal	January 2019
N₂O changes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial – Part 2: terrestrial N₂O emissions and carbon–nitrogen cycle interactions Joos, Fortunat; Spahni, Renato; Stocker, Benjamin D. Biogeosciences, Vol. 17, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3511-2020	journal	July 2020
Historical CO₂ emissions from land use and land cover change and their uncertainty Gasser, Thomas; Crepin, Léa; Quilcaille, Yann Biogeosciences, Vol. 17, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4075-2020	journal	January 2020
Oceanic CO₂ outgassing and biological production hotspots induced by pre-industrial river loads of nutrients and carbon in a global modeling approach Lacroix, Fabrice; Ilyina, Tatiana; Hartmann, Jens Biogeosciences, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-55-2020	journal	January 2020
Role of jellyfish in the plankton ecosystem revealed using a global ocean biogeochemical model Wright, Rebecca M.; Le Quéré, Corinne; Buitenhuis, Erik Biogeosciences, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1291-2021	journal	February 2021
Committed and projected future changes in global peatlands – continued transient model simulations since the Last Glacial Maximum Müller, Jurek; Joos, Fortunat Biogeosciences, Vol. 18, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3657-2021	journal	June 2021
A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO₂ and air–sea CO₂ fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang; Gehlen, Marion; Chevallier, Frédéric Biogeosciences, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022	journal	February 2022
Data-based estimates of interannual sea–air CO₂ flux variations 1957–2020 and their relation to environmental drivers Rödenbeck, Christian; DeVries, Tim; Hauck, Judith Biogeosciences, Vol. 19, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2627-2022	journal	May 2022
Observation-constrained estimates of the global ocean carbon sink from Earth system models Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat Biogeosciences, Vol. 19, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022	journal	September 2022
Impacts of land cover and climate data selection on understanding terrestrial carbon dynamics and the CO ₂ airborne fraction Poulter, B.; Frank, D. C.; Hodson, E. L. Biogeosciences, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2027-2011	journal	January 2011
A synthesis of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion Andres, R. J.; Boden, T. A.; Bréon, F. -M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1845-2012	journal	January 2012
A synthesis of carbon in international trade Peters, G. P.; Davis, S. J.; Andrew, R. Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 8, p. 3247-3276 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3247-2012	journal	January 2012
Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change Houghton, R. A.; House, J. I.; Pongratz, J. Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5125-2012	journal	January 2012
Use of a process-based model for assessing the methane budgets of global terrestrial ecosystems and evaluation of uncertainty Ito, A.; Inatomi, M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-759-2012	journal	January 2012
Modelled land use and land cover change emissions – a spatio-temporal comparison of different approaches Obermeier, Wolfgang A.; Nabel, Julia E. M. S.; Loughran, Tammas Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-635-2021	journal	January 2021
Comparison of uncertainties in land-use change fluxes from bookkeeping model parameterisation Bastos, Ana; Hartung, Kerstin; Nützel, Tobias B. Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-745-2021	journal	January 2021
Contrasting projections of the ENSO-driven CO₂ flux variability in the equatorial Pacific under high-warming scenario Vaittinada Ayar, Pradeebane; Bopp, Laurent; Christian, Jim R. Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1097-2022	journal	July 2022
A theoretical framework for the net land-to-atmosphere CO ₂ flux and its implications in the definition of "emissions from land-use change" Gasser, T.; Ciais, P. Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-171-2013	journal	January 2013
Terminology as a key uncertainty in net land use and land cover change carbon flux estimates Pongratz, J.; Reick, C. H.; Houghton, R. A. Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-177-2014	journal	January 2014
Global Carbon Budget 2018 Le Quéré, Corinne; Andrew, Robbie M.; Friedlingstein, Pierre Earth System Science Data, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018	journal	January 2018
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A global space-based stratospheric aerosol climatology: 1979–2016 Thomason, Larry W.; Ernest, Nicholas; Millán, Luis Earth System Science Data, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-469-2018	journal	January 2018
Global atmospheric carbon monoxide budget 2000–2017 inferred from multi-species atmospheric inversions Zheng, Bo; Chevallier, Frederic; Yin, Yi Earth System Science Data, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1411-2019	journal	January 2019
Global Carbon Budget 2019 Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael Earth System Science Data, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019	journal	January 2019
EDGAR v4.3.2 Global Atlas of the three major greenhouse gas emissions for the period 1970–2012 Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Crippa, Monica; Guizzardi, Diego Earth System Science Data, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-959-2019	journal	January 2019
A comparison of estimates of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil carbon sources Andrew, Robbie M. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1437-2020	journal	January 2020
The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017 Saunois, Marielle; Stavert, Ann R.; Poulter, Ben Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020	journal	January 2020
Timely estimates of India's annual and monthly fossil CO₂ emissions Andrew, Robbie M. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2411-2020	journal	January 2020
A uniform pCO₂ climatology combining open and coastal oceans Landschützer, Peter; Laruelle, Goulven G.; Roobaert, Alizee Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020	journal	October 2020
Drainage of organic soils and GHG emissions: validation with country data Conchedda, Giulia; Tubiello, Francesco N. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3113-2020	journal	January 2020
Global Carbon Budget 2020 Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020	journal	January 2020
European anthropogenic AFOLU greenhouse gas emissions: a review and benchmark data Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana; Peters, Glen P.; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-961-2020	journal	January 2020
CDIAC-FF: global and national CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacture: 1751–2017 Gilfillan, Dennis; Marland, Gregg Earth System Science Data, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1667-2021	journal	January 2021
Carbon emissions and removals from forests: new estimates, 1990–2020 Tubiello, Francesco N.; Conchedda, Giulia; Wanner, Nathan Earth System Science Data, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1681-2021	journal	January 2021
Global CO₂ uptake by cement from 1930 to 2019 Guo, Rui; Wang, Jiaoyue; Bing, Longfei Earth System Science Data, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1791-2021	journal	January 2021
Carbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020) Liu, Junjie; Baskaran, Latha; Bowman, Kevin Earth System Science Data, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-299-2021	journal	February 2021
Land-use harmonization datasets for annual global carbon budgets Chini, Louise; Hurtt, George; Sahajpal, Ritvik Earth System Science Data, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4175-2021	journal	January 2021
SeaFlux: harmonization of air–sea CO₂ fluxes from surface pCO₂ data products using a standardized approach Fay, Amanda R.; Gregor, Luke; Landschützer, Peter Earth System Science Data, Vol. 13, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021	journal	October 2021
OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification Gregor, Luke; Gruber, Nicolas Earth System Science Data, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-777-2021	journal	March 2021
Global Carbon Budget 2021 Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael Earth System Science Data, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022	journal	April 2022
Carbon fluxes from land 2000–2020: bringing clarity to countries' reporting Grassi, Giacomo; Conchedda, Giulia; Federici, Sandro Earth System Science Data, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4643-2022	journal	October 2022
A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO ₂ Atlas (SOCAT) Pfeil, B.; Olsen, A.; Bakker, D. C. E. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-125-2013	journal	January 2013
The global carbon budget 1959–2011 Le Quéré, C.; Andres, R. J.; Boden, T. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-165-2013	journal	January 2013
A new data set for estimating organic carbon storage to 3 m depth in soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region Hugelius, G.; Bockheim, J. G.; Camill, P. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-393-2013	journal	January 2013
Global carbon budget 2013 Le Quéré, C.; Peters, G. P.; Andres, R. J. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-235-2014	journal	January 2014
Global open-ocean biomes: mean and temporal variability Fay, A. R.; McKinley, G. A. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-273-2014	journal	January 2014
Global Carbon Budget 2015 Le Quéré, C.; Moriarty, R.; Andrew, R. M. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-349-2015	journal	January 2015
Global carbon budget 2014 Le Quéré, C.; Moriarty, R.; Andrew, R. M. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-47-2015	journal	January 2015
A multi-decade record of high-quality f CO ₂ data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO ₂ Atlas (SOCAT) Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Pfeil, Benjamin; Landa, Camilla S. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016	journal	January 2016
The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series Gütschow, Johannes; Jeffery, M. Louise; Gieseke, Robert Earth System Science Data, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-571-2016	journal	January 2016
Global Carbon Budget 2016 Le Quéré, Corinne; Andrew, Robbie M.; Canadell, Josep G. Earth System Science Data, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-605-2016	journal	January 2016
Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016 van der Werf, Guido R.; Randerson, James T.; Giglio, Louis Earth System Science Data, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017	journal	January 2017
Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2 Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Beusen, Arthur; Doelman, Jonathan Earth System Science Data, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-927-2017	journal	January 2017
Biogeochemical protocols and diagnostics for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) Orr, James C.; Najjar, Raymond G.; Aumont, Olivier Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2169-2017	journal	January 2017
The CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS) v1.0: implementation and global carbon balance 2001–2015 van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T.; van der Velde, Ivar R.; van der Veen, Emma Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2785-2017	journal	January 2017
A new version of the CABLE land surface model (Subversion revision r4601) incorporating land use and land cover change, woody vegetation demography, and a novel optimisation-based approach to plant coordination of photosynthesis Haverd, Vanessa; Smith, Benjamin; Nieradzik, Lars Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2995-2018	journal	January 2018
Historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) Hoesly, Rachel M.; Smith, Steven J.; Feng, Leyang Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018	journal	January 2018
Representing anthropogenic gross land use change, wood harvest, and forest age dynamics in a global vegetation model ORCHIDEE-MICT v8.4.2 Yue, Chao; Ciais, Philippe; Luyssaert, Sebastiaan Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-409-2018	journal	January 2018
On the impact of recent developments of the LMDz atmospheric general circulation model on the simulation of CO₂ transport Remaud, Marine; Chevallier, Frédéric; Cozic, Anne Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4489-2018	journal	January 2018
Representation of fire, land-use change and vegetation dynamics in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator vn4.9 (JULES) Burton, Chantelle; Betts, Richard; Cardoso, Manoel Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-179-2019	journal	January 2019
Accounting for carbon and nitrogen interactions in the global terrestrial ecosystem model ORCHIDEE (trunk version, rev 4999): multi-scale evaluation of gross primary production Vuichard, Nicolas; Messina, Palmira; Luyssaert, Sebastiaan Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4751-2019	journal	January 2019
CLASSIC v1.0: the open-source community successor to the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) – Part 1: Model framework and site-level performance Melton, Joe R.; Arora, Vivek K.; Wisernig-Cojoc, Eduard Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2825-2020	journal	January 2020
Global rules for translating land-use change (LUH2) to land-cover change for CMIP6 using GLM2 Ma, Lei; Hurtt, George C.; Chini, Louise P. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3203-2020	journal	January 2020
Harmonization of global land use change and management for the period 850–2100 (LUH2) for CMIP6 Hurtt, George C.; Chini, Louise; Sahajpal, Ritvik Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5425-2020	journal	January 2020
JULES-CN: a coupled terrestrial carbon–nitrogen scheme (JULES vn5.1) Wiltshire, Andrew J.; Burke, Eleanor J.; Chadburn, Sarah E. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2161-2021	journal	January 2021
Definitions and methods to estimate regional land carbon fluxes for the second phase of the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Project (RECCAP-2) Ciais, Philippe; Bastos, Ana; Chevallier, Frédéric Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1289-2022	journal	February 2022
The Seasonal-to-Multiyear Large Ensemble (SMYLE) prediction system using the Community Earth System Model version 2 Yeager, Stephen G.; Rosenbloom, Nan; Glanville, Anne A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 15, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6451-2022	journal	August 2022
A skill assessment of the biogeochemical model REcoM2 coupled to the Finite Element Sea Ice–Ocean Model (FESOM 1.3) Schourup-Kristensen, V.; Sidorenko, D.; Wolf-Gladrow, D. A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2769-2014	journal	November 2014
The Yale Interactive terrestrial Biosphere model version 1.0: description, evaluation and implementation into NASA GISS ModelE2 Yue, X.; Unger, N. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2399-2015	journal	January 2015
PISCES-v2: an ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies Aumont, O.; Ethé, C.; Tagliabue, A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015	journal	January 2015
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization Eyring, Veronika; Bony, Sandrine; Meehl, Gerald A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016	journal	January 2016
Evaluation of NorESM-OC (versions 1 and 1.2), the ocean carbon-cycle stand-alone configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1) Schwinger, Jörg; Goris, Nadine; Tjiputra, Jerry F. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016	journal	January 2016
The OceanFlux Greenhouse Gases methodology for deriving a sea surface climatology of CO₂ fugacity in support of air–sea gas flux studies Goddijn-Murphy, L. M.; Woolf, D. K.; Land, P. E. Ocean Science, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-519-2015	journal	July 2015
Observation system simulation experiments in the Atlantic Ocean for enhanced surface ocean pCO₂ reconstructions Denvil-Sommer, Anna; Gehlen, Marion; Vrac, Mathieu Ocean Science, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1011-2021	journal	August 2021
Global surface-ocean p ^{CO ₂} and sea–air CO ₂ flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme Rödenbeck, C.; Keeling, R. F.; Bakker, D. C. E. Ocean Science, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-193-2013	journal	January 2013

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