Optimization of Preparation Method, Nucleating Agent, and Stabilizers for Synthesizing Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O) Phase Change Material

Thakkar, Jay; Bowen, Nicholas; Chang, Allen C.; Horwath, Peter; Sobkowicz, Margaret J.; Kośny, Jan

doi:10.3390/buildings12101762

Optimization of Preparation Method, Nucleating Agent, and Stabilizers for Synthesizing Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O) Phase Change Material

Journal Article · Fri Oct 21 04:00:00 EDT 2022 · Buildings

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101762· OSTI ID:1894417

Thakkar, Jay; Bowen, Nicholas; Chang, Allen C.; Horwath, Peter; Sobkowicz, Margaret J.; Kośny, Jan

This study investigates improvements in low-cost latent heat storage material calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O). Its melting point is between 25 and 28 °C, with relatively high enthalpy (170–190 J/g); however, this phase change material (PCM) shows supercooling and phase separation. In CaCl2.6H2O incongruent melting causes lower hydrates of CaCl2 to form, which affects the overall energy storage capacity and long-term durability. In this work, PCM performance enhancement was achieved by adding SrCl2.6H2O as a nucleating agent and NaCl/KCl as a stabilizer to prevent supercooling and phase separation, respectively. We investigated the PCM preparation method and optimized the proportions of SrCl2.6H2O and NaCl/KCl. Thermal testing for 25 cycles combined with DSC and T-history testing was performed to observe changes in enthalpy, phase transitions and supercooling over the extended period of usage. X-ray diffraction was used to verify crystalline structure in the compounds. It was found that the addition of 2 wt.% of SrCl2.6H2O reduced supercooling from 12 °C to 0 °C compared to unmodified CaCl2.6H2O. The addition of 5 wt.% NaCl or KCl proved to effectively suppress separation and the melting enthalpy achieved was 169 J/g–178 J/g with congruent melting over 25 cycles, with no supercooling and almost no reduction in the latent heat.

View Journal Article

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0009156

OSTI ID:: 1894417

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2418070
OSTI ID: 2588570

Journal Information:: Buildings, Journal Name: Buildings Journal Issue: 10 Vol. 12; ISSN 2075-5309; ISSN BUILCO

Publisher:: MDPI AGCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Switzerland

Language:: English

References (29)

Form‐stable Na ₂ SO ₄ ·10H ₂ O‐Na ₂ HPO ₄ ·12H ₂ O eutectic/hydrophilic fumed silica composite phase change material with low supercooling and low thermal conductivity for indoor thermal comfort improvement Fang, Yutang; Su, Jianmin; Tang, Yufeng International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 44, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5178	journal	January 2020
Inorganic salt hydrate for thermal energy storage application: A review Purohit, B. K.; Sistla, V. S. Energy Storage, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.212	journal	October 2020
Emerging applications of phase change materials: A concise review of recent advances Faraji, Hamza; Benkaddour, Ayman; Oudaoui, Kenza Heat Transfer, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.21938	journal	September 2020
Results of thermal analysis for investigation of salt hydrates as latent heat-storage materials Naumann, R.; Emons, H. -H. Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02057256	journal	May 1989
Low temperature latent heat thermal energy storage: Heat storage materials Abhat, A. Solar Energy, Vol. 30, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(83)90186-X	journal	January 1983
Phase change stability of CaCl2·6H2O Kimura, Hiroshi; Kai, Junjiro Solar Energy, Vol. 33, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(84)90011-2	journal	January 1984
A calorimetric investigation of the stability of stagnant calcium chloride hexahydrate melt Feilchenfeld, H.; Fuchs, J.; Sarig, S. Solar Energy, Vol. 32, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(84)90252-4	journal	January 1984
TG and DSC investigation of CaCl2· 6H2O PCM material Arbanas, Viviana; Bukovec, Nataša; Bukovec, Peter Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 144, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)85103-2	journal	June 1989
Observations sur le comportement a la fusion-solidification du chlorure de calcium hexahydrate Paris, Jean; Jolly, Remi Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 152, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)85397-3	journal	October 1989
A numerical study of building integrated with CaCl2·6H2O/expanded graphite composite phase change material Ye, Rongda; Lin, Wenzhu; Fang, Xiaoming Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.191	journal	November 2017
Phase change materials (PCM) for cooling applications in buildings: A review Souayfane, Farah; Fardoun, Farouk; Biwole, Pascal-Henry Energy and Buildings, Vol. 129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.006	journal	October 2016
Development of novel composite PCM for thermal energy storage using CaCl2·6H2O with graphene oxide and SrCl2·6H2O Xu, Xiaoxiao; Cui, Hongzhi; Memon, Shazim Ali Energy and Buildings, Vol. 156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.081	journal	December 2017
Construction of Na2CO3·10H2O-Na2HPO4·12H2O eutectic hydrated salt/NiCo2O4-expanded graphite multidimensional phase change material Xin, Yixiu; Nian, Hongen; Li, Xiang Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104781	journal	August 2022
Corrosive effects of salt hydrate phase change materials used with aluminium and copper Farrell, Anthony J.; Norton, Brian; Kennedy, David M. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 175, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.04.058	journal	June 2006
Phase change materials for thermal energy storage Pielichowska, Kinga; Pielichowski, Krzysztof Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.005	journal	August 2014
Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications Sharma, Atul; Tyagi, V. V.; Chen, C. R. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005	journal	February 2009
A review on supercooling of Phase Change Materials in thermal energy storage systems Safari, A.; Saidur, R.; Sulaiman, F. A. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.272	journal	April 2017
A review on current status and challenges of inorganic phase change materials for thermal energy storage systems Mohamed, Shamseldin A.; Al-Sulaiman, Fahad A.; Ibrahim, Nasiru I. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.012	journal	April 2017
Thermal cycle testing of calcium chloride hexahydrate as a possible PCM for latent heat storage Tyagi, V. V.; Buddhi, D. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 92, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.02.021	journal	August 2008
Calorimetric investigation of the concentration dependent enthalpy change around semicongruent melting CaCl2·6H2O Schmit, Henri; Pfeffer, Werner; Rathgeber, Christoph Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 635 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.04.023	journal	July 2016
Nucleation triggering methods in supercooled phase change materials (PCM), a review Beaupere, N.; Soupremanien, U.; Zalewski, L. Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 670 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2018.10.009	journal	December 2018
Calcium chloride hexahydrate: a phase-changing material for energy storage Feilchenfeld, Hans; Sarig, Sara Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/i300017a024	journal	March 1985
A simple method, the -history method, of determining the heat of fusion, specific heat and thermal conductivity of phase-change materials Yinping, Zhang; Yi, Jiang; Yi, Jiang Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/10/3/015	journal	January 1999
A review on phase change material application in building Cui, Yaping; Xie, Jingchao; Liu, Jiaping Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814017700828	journal	June 2017
Inorganic Salt Hydrate for Thermal Energy Storage Xie, Ning; Huang, Zhaowen; Luo, Zigeng Applied Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/app7121317	journal	December 2017
Parametric Study of Panel PCM–Air Heat Exchanger Designs Kamidollayev, Tlegen; Trelles, Juan Pablo; Thakkar, Jay Energies, Vol. 15, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155552	journal	July 2022
Preparation and Supercooling Modification of Salt Hydrate Phase Change Materials Based on CaCl2·2H2O/CaCl2 Xu, Xiaoxiao; Dong, Zhijun; Memon, Shazim Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10070691	journal	June 2017
Tests on Material Compatibility of Phase Change Materials and Selected Plastics Ostrý, Milan; Bantová, Sylva; Struhala, Karel Molecules, Vol. 24, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071398	journal	April 2019
The Effect of Additives on the Crystallization PCM CaCl₂.6H₂O for Stabilizing the Air Temperature for Energy Conservation Kurniati, Nia; Palittin, Ivylentine Datu; Sutjahja, I. M. Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 1112 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1112.563	journal	July 2015

Similar Records

Stabilizing a low temperature phase change material based on Glaubers salt

Journal Article · Fri May 17 00:00:00 EDT 2024 · Journal of Energy Storage · OSTI ID:2588542

Optimization of Preparation Method, Nucleating Agent, and Stabilizers for Synthesizing Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O) Phase Change Material

Citation Formats

References (29)

Similar Records

Related Subjects