Aqueous titanium redox flow batteries—State-of-the-art and future potential

Ahmed, Sheikh Imran Uddin; Shahid, Mohamed; Sankarasubramanian, Shrihari

doi:10.3389/fenrg.2022.1021201

Aqueous titanium redox flow batteries—State-of-the-art and future potential

Journal Article · Mon Oct 10 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Frontiers in Energy Research

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.1021201· OSTI ID:1891555

Ahmed, Sheikh Imran Uddin; Shahid, Mohamed; Sankarasubramanian, Shrihari

Market-driven deployment of inexpensive (but intermittent) renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, in the electric power grid necessitates grid-stabilization through energy storage systems Redox flow batteries (RFBs), with their rated power and energy decoupled (resulting in a sub-linear scaling of cost), are an inexpensive solution for the efficient electrochemical storage of large amounts of electrical energy. Titanium-based RFBs, first developed by NASA in the 1970s, are an interesting albeit less examined chemistry and are the focus of the present review. Ti, constituting 0.6% of the Earth’s crust and an ingredient in inexpensive white paints, is amongst the few elements (V and Mn being some others) which exhibit multiple soluble oxidation states in aqueous electrolytes. Further, the very high (approaching 10 M) solubility of Ti in low pH solutions suggests the possibility of developing exceptionally high energy density aqueous Redox Flow Batteries systems. With these advantages in mind, we present the state-of the-art in Ti-RFBs with a focus on Ti/Mn, Ti/Fe and Ti/Ce couples and systems that use Ti as an additive (such as Ti/V/Mn). The inherent advantages of inexpensive Ti actives and relatively high energy density is contrasted with potential side-reactions resulting in reduced energy efficiency. Technological pathways are presented with a view to overcoming critical bottlenecks and a vision is presented for the future development of Ti-RFBs.

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Research Organization:: Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States); Washington University, St. Louis, MO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE)

Grant/Contract Number:: FE0032011

OSTI ID:: 1891555

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2418249
OSTI ID: 2437721

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Energy Research, Journal Name: Frontiers in Energy Research Vol. 10; ISSN 2296-598X

Publisher:: Frontiers Media SACopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Switzerland

Language:: English

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Aqueous titanium redox flow batteries—State-of-the-art and future potential

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