Determination of positive anode sheath in anodic carbon arc for synthesis of nanomaterials

Chopra, N. S.; Raitses, Y.; Yatom, S.; Muñoz Burgos, J. M.

doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ac3bf2

Determination of positive anode sheath in anodic carbon arc for synthesis of nanomaterials

Journal Article · Mon Dec 06 23:00:00 EST 2021 · Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac3bf2· OSTI ID:1889109

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[2]; Muñoz Burgos, J. M. ^[3]

Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States); Princeton University, NJ (United States)
Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)
Astro Fusion Spectre LLC, San Diego, CA (United States)

In the atmospheric pressure anodic carbon arc, ablation of the anode serves as a feedstock of carbon for production of nanomaterials. It is known that the ablation of the graphite anode in this arc can have two distinctive modes with low and high ablation rates. The transition between these modes is governed by the power deposition at the arc attachment to the anode and depends on the gap between the anode and the cathode electrodes. Probe measurements combined with optical emission spectroscopy are used to analyze the voltage drop between the arc electrodes. These measurements corroborated previous predictions of a positive anode sheath (i.e. electron attracting sheath) in this arc, which appears in both low and high ablation modes. However, the positive anode sheath was determined to be ~3–8 V, significantly larger than ~0.5 V predicted by previous models. Thus, there are apparently other physical mechanisms not considered by these models that force the anode sheath to be electron attracting in both ablation regimes. Another key result is a relatively low electron temperature (~0.6 eV) obtained from OES using a collisional radiative model. This result partially explains a higher arc voltage (~20 V) required to sustain the arc current of 50–70 A than predicted by existing simulations of this discharge.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-09CH11466

OSTI ID:: 1889109

Journal Information:: Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 55; ISSN 0022-3727

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (45)

Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials Processing Lieberman, Michael A.; Lichtenberg, Allan J. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471724254	book	January 2005
Introduction to Plasma Spectroscopy Kunze, Hans-Joachim Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02233-3	book	January 2009
The R-matrix with pseudo-states method: Theory and applications to electron scattering and photoionization Bartschat, Klaus Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 114, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-4655(98)00057-5	journal	November 1998
Computer simulated Balmer-alpha, -beta and -gamma Stark line profiles for non-equilibrium plasmas diagnostics Gigosos, Marco A.; González, Manuel Á.; Cardeñoso, Valentı́n Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 58, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(03)00097-1	journal	August 2003
Hydrogen storage in carbon nanotubes Becher, M.; Haluska, M.; Hirscher, M. Comptes Rendus Physique, Vol. 4, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1631-0705(03)00107-5	journal	November 2003
Enhanced ablation of small anodes in a carbon nanotube arc plasma Fetterman, Abraham J.; Raitses, Yevgeny; Keidar, Michael Carbon, Vol. 46, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.05.018	journal	August 2008
Structural variations of the cathode deposit in the carbon arc Yeh, Yao-Wen; Raitses, Yevgeny; Yao, Nan Carbon, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.074	journal	August 2016
Detection of nanoparticles in carbon arc discharge with laser-induced incandescence Yatom, S.; Bak, J.; Khrabryi, A. Carbon, Vol. 117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.02.055	journal	June 2017
“Synthesis-on” and “synthesis-off” modes of carbon arc operation during synthesis of carbon nanotubes Yatom, Shurik; Selinsky, Rachel S.; Koel, Bruce E. Carbon, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.034	journal	December 2017
Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy Griem, Hans R. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511524578	book	January 1997
Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy and Biorelated Catalysis: Recent Advances and Looking Forward Hu, Chuangang; Qu, Jia; Xiao, Ying ACS Central Science, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.8b00714	journal	February 2019
Carbon Vapor Pressure and Heat of Vaporization Marshall, A. L.; Norton, F. J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 72, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01161a081	journal	May 1950
Characterization of plasma and gas-phase chemistry during boron-nitride nanomaterial synthesis by laser-ablation of boron-rich targets Yatom, Shurik; Raitses, Yevgeny Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CP02890H	journal	January 2020
Anode Region of high Current arc Discharge Dyuzhev, G. A.; Mitrofanov, N. K.; Shkolnik, S. M. Le Journal de Physique Colloques, Vol. 40, Issue C7 https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19797225	journal	July 1979
The High Current Carbon Arc and Its Mechanism Finkelnburg, Wolfgang Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1698410	journal	May 1949
Vaporization Coefficient of Graphite and Composition of the Equilibrium Vapor Thorn, R. J.; Winslow, G. H. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1743248	journal	January 1957
Kinetic Theory Approach to Electrostatic Probes Wasserstrom, Eliahu; Su, C. H.; Probstein, Ronald F. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1761102	journal	January 1965
Perturbation of a Plasma by a Probe Waymouth, John F. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2746785	journal	January 1964
Voltage-current characteristics of an anodic arc producing carbon nanotubes Shashurin, A.; Keidar, M.; Beilis, I. I. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 104, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2986572	journal	September 2008
Measurement of anode falls and anode heat transfer in atmospheric pressure high intensity arcs Sanders, N. A.; Pfender, E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 55, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.333129	journal	February 1984
Hybrid time dependent/independent solution for the He I line ratio temperature and density diagnostic for a thermal helium beam with applications in the scrape-off layer-edge regions in tokamaks Muñoz Burgos, J. M.; Schmitz, O.; Loch, S. D. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3672230	journal	January 2012
Global rate coefficients for ionization and recombination of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon Annaloro, Julien; Morel, Vincent; Bultel, Arnaud Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4737147	journal	July 2012
Self-organisation processes in the carbon arc for nanosynthesis Ng, J.; Raitses, Y. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 117, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4906784	journal	February 2015
Investigation of the short argon arc with hot anode. I. Numerical simulations of non-equilibrium effects in the near-electrode regions Khrabry, A.; Kaganovich, I. D.; Nemchinsky, V. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5007082	journal	January 2018
Basic factors for acquiring, correcting, and interpreting probe current-voltage characteristic in moderate-collisional plasma for determining electron energy distribution Demidov, V. I.; Koepke, M. E.; Kurlyandskaya, I. P. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5127749	journal	February 2020
Validated two-dimensional modeling of short carbon arcs: Anode and cathode spots Chen, J.; Khrabry, A.; Kaganovich, I. D. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 27, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0011044	journal	August 2020
Analytical model of low and high ablation regimes in carbon arcs Khrabry, A.; Kaganovich, I. D.; Khodak, A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 128, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0016110	journal	September 2020
Carbon arc for nanoparticles production: Anode ablation rate and the value of the anode voltage drop Nemchinsky, Valerian Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 130, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0060521	journal	September 2021
Plasma nanoscience: from nano-solids in plasmas to nano-plasmas in solids Ostrikov, K.; Neyts, E. C.; Meyyappan, M. Advances in Physics, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2013.808047	journal	April 2013
The Bohm criterion and sheath formation Riemann, K. -U Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 24, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/24/4/001	journal	April 1991
Unified modelling of near-cathode plasma layers in high-pressure arc discharges Almeida, N. A.; Benilov, M. S.; Naidis, G. V. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 41, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/24/245201	journal	November 2008
Ion current to a probe immersed into a plasma of binary gas at high pressure Nemchinsky, V. A. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 42, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/5/055205	journal	February 2009
Arc plasma synthesis of carbon nanostructures: where is the frontier? Keidar, Michael; Shashurin, Alexey; Li, Jian Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 44, Issue 17, Article No. 174006 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/17/174006	journal	April 2011
Probe measurements of electron-energy distributions in plasmas: what can we measure and how can we achieve reliable results? Godyak, V. A.; Demidov, V. I. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 44, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/26/269501	journal	June 2011
Synthesis of 2D materials in arc plasmas Shashurin, A.; Keidar, M. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 48, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/31/314007	journal	July 2015
Heat flow through a Langmuir sheath in the presence of electron emission Hobbs, G. D.; Wesson, J. A. Plasma Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0032-1028/9/1/410	journal	January 1967
Transport Processes in Multicomponent Plasma Zhdanov, V. M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 44, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/10/701	journal	September 2002
Anode sheath transition in an anodic arc for synthesis of nanomaterials Nemchinsky, V. A.; Raitses, Y. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, Vol. 25, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/25/3/035003	journal	March 2016
Multispecies plasma fluid simulation for carbon arc discharge Mansour, A. R.; Hara, K. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aaf945	journal	January 2019
Complex structure of the carbon arc discharge for synthesis of nanotubes Vekselman, V.; Feurer, M.; Huang, T. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/aa7158	journal	June 2017
Convergent close-coupling calculations of electron-hydrogen scattering Bray, Igor; Stelbovics, Andris T. Physical Review A, Vol. 46, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.46.6995	journal	December 1992
Dipole Polarizability of the Neutral Carbon Atom and the Dipole-Dipole Interaction between Carbon Atoms Miller, John H.; Kelly, Hugh P. Physical Review A, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.5.516	journal	February 1972
Understanding Langmuir probe current-voltage characteristics Merlino, Robert L. American Journal of Physics, Vol. 75, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2772282	journal	December 2007
A Review of the Application and Performance of Carbon Nanotubes in Fuel Cells Luo, Chong; Xie, Hui; Wang, Qin Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol. 2015 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/560392	journal	January 2015
Synthesis of nanoparticles in carbon arc: measurements and modeling Yatom, Shurik; Khrabry, Alexander; Mitrani, James MRS Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2018.91	journal	May 2018

Similar Records

Pulsed anodic arc discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials

Journal Article · Fri Apr 26 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Plasma Sources Science and Technology · OSTI ID:1595712

Anode Sheath Switching in a Carbon Nanotube Arc Plasma

Technical Report · Tue Apr 08 00:00:00 EDT 2008 · OSTI ID:960288

Atmospheric pressure arc discharge with ablating graphite anode

Journal Article · Mon May 18 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics · OSTI ID:1254756

Related Subjects

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY
ablation
arc discharge
carbon nanotubes
nanomaterials
plasma
sheath
synthesis

Determination of positive anode sheath in anodic carbon arc for synthesis of nanomaterials

Citation Formats

References (45)

Similar Records

Related Subjects