Scalability of Gadolinium-Doped-Water Cherenkov Detectors for Nuclear Nonproliferation
Antineutrinos are an inextricable element of the fission process. The kiloton-scale KamLAND experiment has demonstrated a capability to detect reactor antineutrinos at a range of a few hundred kilometers. But to detect or rule out the existence of a single small reactor over many kilometers requires a large detector, so large in fact that the optical opacity of the detection medium itself becomes an important factor. If the detector is so large that photons cannot traverse the detector medium to an optical detector, then it becomes impractical. For this reason, gadolinium-doped-water Cherenkov detectors have been proposed for large volumes, due to their appealing light-attenuation properties. Even though Cherenkov emission does not produce many photons and the energy resolution is poor, there may be a place for Gd-doped-water detectors in far-field nuclear-reactor monitoring. Here in this paper, we focus on the reactor-discovery potential of large-volume Gd-doped-water Cherenkov detectors for nuclear-nonproliferation applications. Realistic background models for the worldwide reactor flux, geoneutrinos, cosmogenic fast neutrons, and detector-associated backgrounds are included. We calculate the detector run time required to detect a small 50-MWt reactor at a variety of stand-off distances as a function of detector size. We highlight that, at present, the photomultiplier-tube dark rate and event reconstruction algorithms are the limiting factors to extending such detectors beyond a fiducial mass of approximately 50 kt.
- Research Organization:
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC52-07NA27344; LLNL-JRNL-823255
- OSTI ID:
- 1888848
- Alternate ID(s):
- OSTI ID: 2223031
- Report Number(s):
- LLNL-JRNL-823255; PRAHB2; 034059
- Journal Information:
- Physical Review Applied, Journal Name: Physical Review Applied Vol. 18 Journal Issue: 3; ISSN 2331-7019
- Publisher:
- American Physical SocietyCopyright Statement
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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