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Quantitative spatiotemporal mapping of thermal runaway propagation rates in lithium-ion cells using cross-correlated Gabor filtering

Journal Article · · Energy & Environmental Science
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee03430h· OSTI ID:1882935
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [2];  [2]
  1. University College London (United Kingdom)
  2. University College London (United Kingdom); Faraday Institution, Didcot (United Kingdom)
  3. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
  4. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble (France)
  5. National Physical Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex (United Kingdom)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Abuse testing of lithium-ion batteries is widely performed in order to develop new safety standards and strategies. However, testing methodologies are not standardised across the research community, especially with failure mechanisms being inherently difficult to reproduce. High-speed X-ray radiography is proven to be a valuable tool to capture events occurring during cell failure, but the observations made remain largely qualitative. We have therefore developed a robust image processing toolbox that can quantify, for the first time, the rate of propagation of battery failure mechanisms revealed by high-speed X-ray radiography. Using Gabor filter, the toolbox selectively tracks the electrode structure at the onset of failure. This facilitated the estimation of the displacement of electrodes undergoing abuse via nail penetration, and also the tracking of objects, such as the nail, as it propagates through a cell. Further, by cross-correlating the Gabor signals, we have produced practical, illustrative spatiotemporal maps of the failure events. From these, we can quantify the propagation rates of electrode displacement prior to the onset of thermal runaway. The highest recorded acceleration (≈514 mm s-2) was when a nail penetrated a cell radially (perpendicular to the electrodes) as opposed to axially (parallel to the electrodes). The initiation of thermal runaway was also resolved in combination with electrode displacement, which occurred at a lower acceleration (≈108 mm s-2). Our assistive toolbox can also be used to study other types of failure mechanisms, extracting otherwise unattainable kinetic data. Ultimately, this tool can be used to not only validate existing theoretical mechanical models, but also standardise battery failure testing procedures.

Research Organization:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Faraday Institution; Royal Academy of Engineering; UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy
Grant/Contract Number:
AC36-08GO28308
OSTI ID:
1882935
Report Number(s):
NREL/JA-5700-79196; MainId:33422; UUID:4bb6c09a-cc44-4048-8442-642032ed8262; MainAdminID:65145
Journal Information:
Energy & Environmental Science, Journal Name: Energy & Environmental Science Journal Issue: 8 Vol. 15; ISSN 1754-5692
Publisher:
Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION
diagnostics
li-ion batteries
safety
thermal runaway
x-ray imaging