Skip to main content
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Reaching for the Edge I: probing the outskirts of massive galaxies with HSC, DECaLS, SDSS, and Dragonfly

Journal Article · · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
ABSTRACT

The outer light (stellar haloes) of massive galaxies has recently emerged as a possible low scatter tracer of dark matter halo mass. To test the robustness of outer light measurements across different data sets, we compare the 1D azimuthally averaged surface brightness profiles of massive galaxies using four independent data sets: the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey (HSC), the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS), the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and the Dragonfly Wide Field Survey (Dragonfly). We test the sky subtraction and proposed corrections for HSC and DECaLS. For galaxies at z < 0.05, Dragonfly has the best control of systematics, reaching surface brightness levels of μr ≈ 30 mag arcsec−2. At 0.19 < z < 0.50, HSC can reliably recover individual surface brightness profiles to μr ≈ 28.5 mag arcsec−2 (R = 100–150 kpc in semimajor axis). In a statistical sense, DECaLS agrees with HSC to R > 200 kpc. DECaLS and HSC measurements of the stellar mass contained within 100 kpc agree within 0.05 dex. Finally, we use weak lensing to show that measurements of outer light with DECaLS at 0.19 < z < 0.50 show a similar promise as HSC as a low scatter proxy of halo mass. The tests and results from this paper represent an important step forward for accurate measurements of the outer light of massive galaxies and demonstrate that outer light measurements from DECam imaging will be a promising method for finding galaxy clusters.

Research Organization:
Siena College, Loudonville, NY (United States); University of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0019301; SC0020086
OSTI ID:
1882264
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 2503557
OSTI ID: 1979544
Journal Information:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 515; ISSN 0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University PressCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United Kingdom
Language:
English

References (117)

Retrieving cirrus microphysical properties from stellar aureoles journal June 2013
GalSim: The modular galaxy image simulation toolkit journal April 2015
Intragroup and Intracluster Light journal August 2015
The MESSIER surveyor: unveiling the ultra-low surface brightness universe journal March 2016
Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation journal May 2014
Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy journal September 2013
The influence of diffuse scattered light: I. The PSF and its role in observations of the edge-on galaxy NGC 5907 journal July 2014
The Fornax Deep Survey with the VST: V. Exploring the faintest regions of the bright early-type galaxies inside the virial radius journal February 2019
The Fornax Deep Survey with VST journal July 2020
VEGAS: A VST Early-type GAlaxy Survey journal July 2021
Introducing the LBT Imaging of Galactic Halos and Tidal Structures (LIGHTS) survey journal October 2021
PSF far wings and “red halo" in the photometry of galaxies: One more source of errors journal March 2002
The VIMOS VLT deep survey: First epoch VVDS-deep survey: 11 564 spectra with 17.5  journal August 2005
The structure of galactic disks: Studying late-type spiral galaxies using SDSS journal July 2006
SExtractor: Software for source extraction journal June 1996
The Telescope Point Spread Function journal August 1996
Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry journal March 1983
Stellar spectrophotometric atlas, wavelengths from 3130 to 10800 A journal June 1983
The Average Mass and Light Profiles of Galaxy Clusters journal April 1997
Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function journal July 2003
Preparing Red‐Green‐Blue Images from CCD Data
  • Lupton, Robert; Blanton, Michael R.; Fekete, George
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 116, Issue 816 https://doi.org/10.1086/382245
journal February 2004
K ‐band Properties of Galaxy Clusters and Groups: Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light journal December 2004
Intracluster Light in Nearby Galaxy Clusters: Relationship to the Halos of Brightest Cluster Galaxies journal January 2005
Optical and Near‐Infrared Color Profiles in Nearby Early‐Type Galaxies and the Implied Age and Metallicity Gradients journal March 2005
Diffuse Light in the Virgo Cluster journal August 2005
The 2.5 m Telescope of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey journal April 2006
The Formation and Evolution of Intracluster Light journal September 2006
The Luminosities, Sizes, and Velocity Dispersions of Brightest Cluster Galaxies: Implications for Formation History journal March 2007
Diffuse Optical Light in Galaxy Clusters. II. Correlations with Cluster Properties journal June 2007
The Optical Extragalactic Background Light: Revisions and Further Comments journal September 2007
Confirmation of the Remarkable Compactness of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z ~ 2.3: Early-Type Galaxies Did not Form in a Simple Monolithic Collapse journal March 2008
Removing Internal Reflections from Deep Imaging Data Sets
  • Slater, Colin T.; Harding, Paul; Mihos, J. Christopher
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 121, Issue 885 https://doi.org/10.1086/648457
journal November 2009
Ultra–Low Surface Brightness Imaging with the Dragonfly Telephoto Array
  • Abraham, Roberto G.; van Dokkum, Pieter G.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 126, Issue 935 https://doi.org/10.1086/674875
journal January 2014
The Frequency of Tidal Features Associated with Nearby Luminous Elliptical Galaxies from a Statistically Complete Sample journal October 2009
Improved Background Subtraction for the Sloan Digital sky Survey Images journal June 2011
The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of Sdss-Iii journal December 2012
The two Phases of Galaxy Formation journal December 2010
The Faint Stellar Halos of Massive red Galaxies from Stacks of more than 42,000 sdss lrg Images journal March 2011
The Quantity of Intracluster Light: Comparing Theoretical and Observational Measurement Techniques Using Simulated Clusters journal April 2011
The Stellar Initial mass Function in Early-Type Galaxies from Absorption line Spectroscopy. i. data and Empirical Trends journal November 2012
The Carnegie-Irvine Galaxy Survey. iii. the Three-Component Structure of Nearby Elliptical Galaxies journal March 2013
PRIMUS: CONSTRAINTS ON STAR FORMATION QUENCHING AND GALAXY MERGING, AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE STELLAR MASS FUNCTION FROM z = 0-1 journal March 2013
redMaPPer. I. ALGORITHM AND SDSS DR8 CATALOG journal April 2014
THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY COADD: 275 deg 2 OF DEEP SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY IMAGING ON STRIPE 82 journal September 2014
Brightest Cluster Galaxies at the Present Epoch journal December 2014
The Massive Survey. ii. Stellar Population Trends out to Large Radius in Massive Early-Type Galaxies journal June 2015
Structure and Formation of Elliptical and Spheroidal Galaxies journal April 2009
The Seventh data Release of the Sloan Digital sky Survey journal May 2009
First Results from the Dragonfly Telephoto Array: the Apparent lack of a Stellar halo in the Massive Spiral Galaxy m101 journal January 2014
CCD surface photometry of elliptical galaxies - I. Observations, reduction and results journal June 1987
Metallicity gradients in early-type galaxies journal December 1993
Stellar and weak lensing profiles of massive galaxies in the Hyper-Suprime Cam survey and in hydrodynamic simulations journal October 2020
Galactic accretion and the outer structure of galaxies in the CDM model journal August 2013
The massive end of the luminosity and stellar mass functions: dependence on the fit to the light profile journal September 2013
Characterizing diffused stellar light in simulated galaxy clusters journal November 2013
Parametrizing the stellar haloes of galaxies journal July 2014
A cluster finding algorithm based on the multiband identification of red sequence galaxies journal August 2014
Introducing the Illustris Project: simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe journal August 2014
The ATLAS3D project – XXIX. The new look of early-type galaxies and surrounding fields disclosed by extremely deep optical images journal November 2014
Surface photometry of brightest cluster galaxies and intracluster stars in ΛCDM journal June 2015
The IAC Stripe 82 Legacy Project: a wide-area survey for faint surface brightness astronomy journal December 2015
Coevolution of brightest cluster galaxies and intracluster light using CLASH journal March 2015
The cosmic assembly of stellar haloes in massive Early-Type Galaxies journal January 2017
The stellar mass assembly of galaxies in the Illustris simulation: growth by mergers and the spatial distribution of accreted stars journal February 2016
Comparing PyMorph and SDSS photometry. I. Background sky and model fitting effects journal January 2017
Lensing is low: cosmology, galaxy formation or new physics? journal February 2017
First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies journal December 2017
Individual stellar haloes of massive galaxies measured to 100 kpc at 0.3 < z < 0.5 using Hyper Suprime-Cam journal December 2017
First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: matter and galaxy clustering journal December 2017
Comparing pymorph and SDSS photometry – II. The differences are more than semantics and are not dominated by intracluster light journal March 2017
Intracluster light: a luminous tracer for dark matter in clusters of galaxies journal October 2018
The stellar halo of isolated central galaxies in the Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging survey journal May 2019
The haloes and environments of nearby galaxies (HERON) – I. Imaging, sample characteristics, and envelope diameters journal August 2019
Galaxy–Galaxy lensing in HSC: Validation tests and the impact of heterogeneous spectroscopic training sets journal October 2019
Weak lensing reveals a tight connection between dark matter halo mass and the distribution of stellar mass in massive galaxies journal December 2019
The bright-star masks for the HSC-SSP survey journal July 2017
Hyper Suprime-Cam: System design and verification of image quality journal September 2017
The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP Survey: Overview and survey design journal September 2017
The Hyper Suprime-Cam software pipeline journal October 2017
The first-year shear catalog of the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program Survey journal December 2017
Hyper Suprime-Cam: Filters journal June 2018
Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment journal January 2007
The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation journal March 2011
Intergalactic stars in z   0.25 galaxy clusters: systematic properties from stacking of Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging data journal April 2005
The importance of mergers for the origin of intracluster stars in cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters journal May 2007
Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): survey diagnostics and core data release: GAMA journal March 2011
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): stellar mass estimates: GAMA: stellar mass estimates journal November 2011
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Structural Investigation of Galaxies via Model Analysis journal March 2012
SPIDER - VII. Revealing the stellar population content of massive early-type galaxies out to 8 R e : Stellar populations of ETGs out to R ≲ 8R journal October 2012
The Australian Space Eye: studying the history of galaxy formation with a CubeSat conference July 2016
Long-wavelength scattered-light halos in ASC CCDs conference July 1998
The Dark Energy Camera (DECam) conference August 2008
Hyper Suprime-Cam conference October 2012
The Iraf Data Reduction And Analysis System conference October 1986
PhD thesis journal August 2018
THE FORNAX DEEP SURVEY WITH VST. I. THE EXTENDED AND DIFFUSE STELLAR HALO OF NGC 1399 OUT TO 192 kpc journal March 2016
BEYOND 31 mag arcsec −2 : THE FRONTIER OF LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS IMAGING WITH THE LARGEST OPTICAL TELESCOPES journal May 2016
The Dragonfly Nearby Galaxies Survey. i. Substantial Variation in the Diffuse Stellar Halos Around Spiral Galaxies journal October 2016
Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys journal April 2019
The Dragonfly Nearby Galaxies Survey. ii. Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies near the Elliptical Galaxy ngc 5485 journal December 2016
The Burrell Schmidt deep Virgo Survey: Tidal Debris, Galaxy Halos, and Diffuse Intracluster Light in the Virgo Cluster journal December 2016
Testing the Presence of Multiple Photometric Components in Nearby Early-type Galaxies Using SDSS journal February 2017
The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. II. Fornax A: A Two-phase Assembly Caught in the Act journal April 2017
The Dragonfly Nearby Galaxies Survey. IV. A Giant Stellar Disk in NGC 2841 journal March 2018
Tidal Features at 0.05 < z < 0.45 in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program: Properties and Formation Channels journal October 2018
The Dragonfly Nearby Galaxies Survey. V. HST /ACS Observations of 23 Low Surface Brightness Objects in the Fields of NGC 1052, NGC 1084, M96, and NGC 4258 journal November 2018
The MASSIVE Survey. XII. Connecting Stellar Populations of Early-type Galaxies to Kinematics and Environment journal March 2019
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products journal March 2019
Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Detection of Intracluster Light at Redshift ∼ 0.25 journal April 2019
The MASSIVE Survey XIII. Spatially Resolved Stellar Kinematics in the Central 1 kpc of 20 Massive Elliptical Galaxies with the GMOS-North Integral Field Spectrograph journal June 2019
The Dragonfly Wide Field Survey. I. Telescope, Survey Design, and Data Characterization journal May 2020
The Dragonfly Wide Field Survey. II. Accurate Total Luminosities and Colors of Nearby Massive Galaxies and Implications for the Galaxy Stellar-mass Function journal March 2021
Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light: Their Mass Distribution in the Innermost Regions of Groups and Clusters journal July 2021
Structure of Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light journal March 2020
The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra journal June 2020
Dragonfly Imaging of the Galaxy NGC 5907: A Different View of the Iconic Stellar Stream journal September 2019
Ultra faint imaging with the Huntsman Telescope text January 2019