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Evidence for Secondary Ice Production in Southern Ocean Maritime Boundary Layer Clouds

Journal Article · · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036411· OSTI ID:1881987
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [5];  [6];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [9];  [9]
  1. National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA, Now at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany
  2. National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA
  3. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany
  4. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany, schnaiTEC GmbH Karlsruhe Germany
  5. Cooperative Institute for Severe and High Impact Weather Research and Operations University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
  6. Cooperative Institute for Severe and High Impact Weather Research and Operations University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA, School of Meteorology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
  7. Department of Meteorology and Climate Science San Jose State University San Jose CA USA
  8. Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA
  9. Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
  10. Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA, Now at Handix Scientific Boulder CO USA
+ Show Author Affiliations
Abstract

Maritime boundary‐layer clouds over the Southern Ocean (SO) have a large shortwave radiative effect. Yet, climate models have difficulties in representing these clouds and, especially, their phase in this observationally sparse region. This study aims to increase the knowledge of SO cloud phase by presenting in‐situ cloud microphysical observations from the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol, Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES). We investigate the occurrence of ice in summertime marine stratocumulus and cumulus clouds in the temperature range between 6 and −25°C. Our observations show that in ice‐containing clouds, maximum ice number concentrations of up to several hundreds per liter were found. The observed ice crystal concentrations were on average one to two orders of magnitude higher than the simultaneously measured ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations in the temperature range below −10°C and up to five orders of magnitude higher than estimated INP concentrations in the temperature range above −10°C. These results highlight the importance of secondary ice production (SIP) in SO summertime marine boundary‐layer clouds. Evidence for rime splintering was found in the Hallett‐Mossop (HM) temperature range but the exact SIP mechanism active at lower temperatures remains unclear. Finally, instrument simulators were used to assess simulated co‐located cloud ice concentrations and the role of modeled HM rime‐splintering. We found that CAM6 is deficient in simulating number concentrations across the HM temperature range with little sensitivity to the model HM process, which is inconsistent with the aforementioned observational evidence of highly active SIP processes in SO low‐level clouds.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Center
Sponsoring Organization:
German Research Foundation (DFG); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
Contributing Organization:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0020098
OSTI ID:
1881987
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1884329
OSTI ID: 1885693
Journal Information:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Journal Name: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Journal Issue: 16 Vol. 127; ISSN 2169-897X
Publisher:
American Geophysical Union (AGU)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
ice crystals
ice nucleating particles
in-situ observations
mixed-phase clouds
secondary ice
southern ocean