Skip to main content
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment

Journal Article · · Physical Review Letters
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin “burn propagation” into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While “scientific breakeven” (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this work reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.
Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Organization:
Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration
Grant/Contract Number:
89233218CNA000001; AC02-05CH11231; AC52-07NA27344; NA0003525
OSTI ID:
1880954
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1881036
OSTI ID: 1962543
OSTI ID: 1989163
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-22-31972; LLNL-JRNL-830617; 1047252
Journal Information:
Physical Review Letters, Journal Name: Physical Review Letters Journal Issue: 7 Vol. 129; ISSN 0031-9007
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (171)

The Magnetized Indirect Drive Project on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2022
High-mode Rayleigh-Taylor growth in NIF ignition capsules journal June 2010
A Review of Equation-of-State Models for Inertial Confinement Fusion Materials journal September 2018
Beryllium implosions at smaller case-to-capsule ratio on NIF journal March 2020
Recent and planned hydrodynamic instability experiments on indirect-drive implosions on the National Ignition Facility journal August 2020
Trending low mode asymmetries in NIF capsule drive using a simple viewfactor metric * journal August 2021
Laser Compression of Matter to Super-High Densities: Thermonuclear (CTR) Applications journal September 1972
Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined fusion implosion journal February 2014
Inertially confined fusion plasmas dominated by alpha-particle self-heating journal April 2016
Design of inertial fusion implosions reaching the burning plasma regime journal January 2022
Burning plasma achieved in inertial fusion journal January 2022
Shock timing technique for the National Ignition Facility journal May 2001
Three-dimensional HYDRA simulations of National Ignition Facility targets journal May 2001
Deceleration phase of inertial confinement fusion implosions journal May 2002
The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the National Ignition Facility journal February 2004
Thermonuclear burn characteristics of compressed deuterium-tritium microspheres journal January 1974
Progress toward fabrication of graded doped beryllium and CH capsules for the National Ignition Facility journal May 2006
Using laser entrance hole shields to increase coupling efficiency in indirect drive ignition targets for the National Ignition Facility journal May 2006
A measurable Lawson criterion and hydro-equivalent curves for inertial confinement fusion journal October 2008
Publisher’s Note: “A measurable Lawson criterion and hydro-equivalent curves for inertial confinement fusion” [Phys. Plasmas 15, 102707 (2008)] journal July 2009
Capsule performance optimization in the National Ignition Campaign journal May 2010
A high-resolution two-dimensional imaging velocimeter journal March 2010
Thermonuclear ignition in inertial confinement fusion and comparison with magnetic confinement journal May 2010
The National Ignition Facility neutron time-of-flight system and its initial performance (invited) journal October 2010
Diagnosing inertial confinement fusion gamma ray physics (invited) journal October 2010
Analysis of the National Ignition Facility ignition hohlraum energetics experiments journal May 2011
Symmetry tuning for ignition capsules via the symcap technique journal May 2011
Point design targets, specifications, and requirements for the 2010 ignition campaign on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2011
Capsule implosion optimization during the indirect-drive National Ignition Campaign journal May 2011
The experimental plan for cryogenic layered target implosions on the National Ignition Facility—The inertial confinement approach to fusion journal May 2011
Short-wavelength and three-dimensional instability evolution in National Ignition Facility ignition capsule designs journal August 2011
Neutron spectrometry—An essential tool for diagnosing implosions at the National Ignition Facility (invited) journal October 2012
Neutron activation diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility (invited) journal October 2012
Implosion dynamics measurements at the National Ignition Facility journal December 2012
Hohlraum energetics scaling to 520 TW on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2013
Experimental investigation of bright spots in broadband, gated x-ray images of ignition-scale implosions on the National Ignition Facility journal July 2013
Progress towards ignition on the National Ignition Facility journal July 2013
Neutron source reconstruction from pinhole imaging at National Ignition Facility journal February 2014
Mode 1 drive asymmetry in inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility journal April 2014
Metrics for long wavelength asymmetries in inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility journal April 2014
The high-foot implosion campaign on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2014
Dynamic symmetry of indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion capsules on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2014
High-density carbon ablator experiments on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2014
Progress in hohlraum physics for the National Ignition Facility journal May 2014
An in-flight radiography platform to measure hydrodynamic instability growth in inertial confinement fusion capsules at the National Ignition Facility journal July 2014
The effect of shock dynamics on compressibility of ignition-scale National Ignition Facility implosions journal November 2014
Erratum: “Review of the National Ignition Campaign 2009-2012” [Phys. Plasmas 21, 020501 (2014)] journal December 2014
Effect of the mounting membrane on shape in inertial confinement fusion implosions journal February 2015
In-flight observations of low-mode ρR asymmetries in NIF implosionsa) journal May 2015
Validating hydrodynamic growth in National Ignition Facility implosionsa) journal May 2015
Higher velocity, high-foot implosions on the National Ignition Facility lasera) journal May 2015
Near-vacuum hohlraums for driving fusion implosions with high density carbon ablatorsa) journal May 2015
Tent-induced perturbations on areal density of implosions at the National Ignition Facilitya) journal May 2015
Hydrodynamic instability growth of three-dimensional, “native-roughness” modulations in x-ray driven, spherical implosions at the National Ignition Facility journal July 2015
Stabilization of high-compression, indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions using a 4-shock adiabat-shaped drive journal August 2015
Analysis of the neutron time-of-flight spectra from inertial confinement fusion experiments journal November 2015
Design of indirectly driven, high-compression Inertial Confinement Fusion implosions with improved hydrodynamic stability using a 4-shock adiabat-shaped drive journal December 2015
Three-dimensional simulations of low foot and high foot implosion experiments on the National Ignition Facility journal March 2016
The near vacuum hohlraum campaign at the NIF: A new approach journal May 2016
Improving ICF implosion performance with alternative capsule supports journal May 2017
Examining the radiation drive asymmetries present in the high foot series of implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility journal May 2017
Semi-empirical “leaky-bucket” model of laser-driven x-ray cavities journal April 2017
Symmetry control of an indirectly driven high-density-carbon implosion at high convergence and high velocity journal May 2017
Progress towards a more predictive model for hohlraum radiation drive and symmetry journal May 2017
The relationship between gas fill density and hohlraum drive performance at the National Ignition Facility journal May 2017
A comprehensive alpha-heating model for inertial confinement fusion journal January 2018
On the importance of minimizing “coast-time” in x-ray driven inertially confined fusion implosions journal September 2017
Hydro-instability growth of perturbation seeds from alternate capsule-support strategies in indirect-drive implosions on National Ignition Facility journal October 2017
The I-Raum: A new shaped hohlraum for improved inner beam propagation in indirectly-driven ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility journal January 2018
Capsule physics comparison of National Ignition Facility implosion designs using plastic, high density carbon, and beryllium ablators journal March 2018
A near one-dimensional indirectly driven implosion at convergence ratio 30 journal May 2018
The high velocity, high adiabat, “Bigfoot” campaign and tests of indirect-drive implosion scaling journal May 2018
Exploring the limits of case-to-capsule ratio, pulse length, and picket energy for symmetric hohlraum drive on the National Ignition Facility Laser journal May 2018
The influence of hohlraum dynamics on implosion symmetry in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiments journal August 2018
Mitigation of X-ray shadow seeding of hydrodynamic instabilities on inertial confinement fusion capsules using a reduced diameter fuel fill-tube journal May 2018
Increasing stagnation pressure and thermonuclear performance of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the introduction of a high-Z dopant journal August 2018
Probing the seeding of hydrodynamic instabilities from nonuniformities in ablator materials using 2D velocimetry journal September 2018
Progress toward a self-consistent set of 1D ignition capsule metrics in ICF journal December 2018
Approaching a burning plasma on the NIF journal May 2019
Three-dimensional modeling and hydrodynamic scaling of National Ignition Facility implosions journal May 2019
Ultra-high (>30%) coupling efficiency designs for demonstrating central hot-spot ignition on the National Ignition Facility using a Frustraum journal August 2019
On alpha-particle transport in inertial fusion journal June 2019
Making inertial confinement fusion models more predictive journal August 2019
Mixing in ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility caused by the fill-tube journal March 2020
Understanding ICF hohlraums using NIF gated laser-entrance-hole images journal February 2020
Achieving 280 Gbar hot spot pressure in DT-layered CH capsule implosions at the National Ignition Facility journal April 2020
Theory of ignition and burn propagation in inertial fusion implosions journal May 2020
An electron conductivity model for dense plasmas journal January 1984
Development of the indirect‐drive approach to inertial confinement fusion and the target physics basis for ignition and gain journal November 1995
New methods for diagnosing and controlling hohlraum drive asymmetry on Nova journal May 1997
The physics issues that determine inertial confinement fusion target gain and driver requirements: A tutorial journal May 1999
Demonstration of time-dependent symmetry control in hohlraums by drive-beam staggering journal January 2000
An analytic asymmetric-piston model for the impact of mode-1 shell asymmetry on ICF implosions journal June 2020
Hotspot conditions achieved in inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2020
Hot-spot mix in large-scale HDC implosions at NIF journal September 2020
A simple model to scope out parameter space for indirect drive designs on NIF journal July 2020
View factor estimation of hot spot velocities in inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility journal August 2020
Fill tube dynamics in inertial confinement fusion implosions with high density carbon ablators journal November 2020
Measurements of enhanced performance in an indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiment when reducing the contact area of the capsule support journal October 2020
Integrated performance of large HDC-capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility journal November 2020
Low mode implosion symmetry sensitivity in low gas-fill NIF cylindrical hohlraums journal February 2021
Fuel convergence sensitivity in indirect drive implosions journal April 2021
A thermodynamic condition for ignition and burn-propagation in cryogenic layer inertially confined fusion implosions journal February 2021
Achieving record hot spot energies with large HDC implosions on NIF in HYBRID-E journal July 2021
A pushered capsule implosion as an alternate approach to the ignition regime for inertial confinement fusion journal December 2021
Extensions of a classical mechanics “piston-model” for understanding the impact of asymmetry on ICF implosions: The cases of mode 2, mode 2/1 coupling, time-dependent asymmetry, and the relationship to coast-time journal January 2022
Model validation for inferred hot-spot conditions in National Ignition Facility experiments journal December 2021
Exploring implosion designs for increased compression on the National Ignition Facility using high density carbon ablators journal May 2022
Updated Opal Opacities journal June 1996
Improved formulas for fusion cross-sections and thermal reactivities journal April 1992
Relativistic calculation of fusion product spectra for thermonuclear plasmas journal November 1998
A generalized scaling law for the ignition energy of inertial confinement fusion capsules journal January 2001
Diamond spheres for inertial confinement fusion journal September 2009
Diagnosing implosion performance at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) by means of neutron spectrometry journal March 2013
Some Criteria for a Power Producing Thermonuclear Reactor journal January 1957
ITER: burning plasma physics experiment journal March 2003
First implosion experiments with cryogenic thermonuclear fuel on the National Ignition Facility journal March 2012
Progress toward ignition at the National Ignition Facility journal November 2013
Toward a burning plasma state using diamond ablator inertially confined fusion (ICF) implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) journal November 2018
Beyond alpha-heating: driving inertially confined fusion implosions toward a burning-plasma state on the National Ignition Facility journal November 2018
Understanding asymmetries using integrated simulations of capsule implosions in low gas-fill hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility journal December 2020
The national ignition facility: laser performance status and performance quad results at elevated energy journal December 2018
A 3D dynamic model to assess the impacts of low-mode asymmetry, aneurysms and mix-induced radiative loss on capsule performance across inertial confinement fusion platforms journal December 2018
Fundamental factors affecting thermonuclear ignition journal July 2021
Metrics for implosion performance with enhanced energy coupling on NIF journal October 2021
The National Ignition Facility: Transition to a User Facility journal March 2016
Implosion configurations for robust ignition using high- density carbon (diamond) ablator for indirect-drive ICF at the National Ignition Facility journal May 2016
Images of the gold bubble feature in NIF Gas-Filled Ignition Hohlraums journal May 2016
ICStatus and progress of the National Ignition Facility as ICF and HED user facility journal May 2016
The Physics of Inertial Fusion book January 2004
Transport Phenomena in a Completely Ionized Gas journal March 1953
Multiphase equation of state for carbon addressing high pressures and temperatures journal June 2014
Localized mix-induced radiative cooling in a capsule implosion at the National Ignition Facility journal March 2020
Hotspot parameter scaling with velocity and yield for high-adiabat layered implosions at the National Ignition Facility journal August 2020
Design of an inertial fusion experiment exceeding the Lawson criterion for ignition journal August 2022
Experimental achievement and signatures of ignition at the National Ignition Facility journal August 2022
High-density carbon capsule experiments on the national ignition facility journal February 2015
Ionic transport in high-energy-density matter journal April 2016
X-ray shadow imprint of hydrodynamic instabilities on the surface of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the fuel fill tube journal March 2017
Density-functional calculations of transport properties in the nondegenerate limit and the role of electron-electron scattering journal March 2017
Publisher's Note: X-ray shadow imprint of hydrodynamic instabilities on the surface of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the fuel fill tube [Phys. Rev. E 95, 031204(R) (2017)] journal June 2017
Analytic expressions for electron-ion temperature equilibration rates from the Lenard-Balescu equation journal January 2018
Energy transfer between lasers in low-gas-fill-density hohlraums journal November 2018
Tuning the Implosion Symmetry of ICF Targets via Controlled Crossed-Beam Energy Transfer journal January 2009
Generalized Measurable Ignition Criterion for Inertial Confinement Fusion journal April 2010
Precision Shock Tuning on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2012
Hot-Spot Mix in Ignition-Scale Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets journal July 2013
Onset of Hydrodynamic Mix in High-Velocity, Highly Compressed Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions journal August 2013
Performance of High-Convergence, Layered DT Implosions with Extended-Duration Pulses at the National Ignition Facility journal November 2013
Early-Time Symmetry Tuning in the Presence of Cross-Beam Energy Transfer in ICF Experiments on the National Ignition Facility journal December 2013
High-Adiabat High-Foot Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility journal February 2014
Design of a High-Foot High-Adiabat ICF Capsule for the National Ignition Facility journal February 2014
First Measurements of Hydrodynamic Instability Growth in Indirectly Driven Implosions at Ignition-Relevant Conditions on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2014
2D X-Ray Radiography of Imploding Capsules at the National Ignition Facility journal May 2014
Observation of a Reflected Shock in an Indirectly Driven Spherical Implosion at the National Ignition Facility journal June 2014
Thin Shell, High Velocity Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility journal April 2015
Alpha Heating and Burning Plasmas in Inertial Confinement Fusion journal June 2015
Demonstration of High Performance in Layered Deuterium-Tritium Capsule Implosions in Uranium Hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility journal July 2015
Improved Performance of High Areal Density Indirect Drive Implosions at the National Ignition Facility using a Four-Shock Adiabat Shaped Drive journal September 2015
Development of Improved Radiation Drive Environment for High Foot Implosions at the National Ignition Facility journal November 2016
Fusion Energy Output Greater than the Kinetic Energy of an Imploding Shell at the National Ignition Facility journal June 2018
Thermal Temperature Measurements of Inertial Fusion Implosions journal August 2018
High-Performance Indirect-Drive Cryogenic Implosions at High Adiabat on the National Ignition Facility journal September 2018
Impact of Localized Radiative Loss on Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions journal April 2020
Record Energetics for an Inertial Fusion Implosion at NIF journal January 2021
Evidence of Three-Dimensional Asymmetries Seeded by High-Density Carbon-Ablator Nonuniformity in Experiments at the National Ignition Facility journal January 2021
Laser-Driven Implosion of Spherical DT Targets to Thermonuclear Burn Conditions. journal February 1973
Controlled Fusion Research—An Application of the Physics of High Temperature Plasmas journal July 1956
Description of the NIF Laser journal February 2016
The National Ignition Facility Diagnostic Set at the Completion of the National Ignition Campaign, September 2012 journal February 2016
National Ignition Facility laser performance status journal January 2007