Chemical and Morphological Structure of Transgenic Switchgrass Organosolv Lignin Extracted by Ethanol, Tetrahydrofuran, and $\mathcal{γ}$-Valerolactone Pretreatments

Liang, Luna; Wang, Yun-Yan; Bhagia, Samarthya; Sethuraman, Vaidyanathan; Yang, Zhi; Meng, Xianzhi; Bryant, Nathan; Petridis, Loukas; Smith, Jeremy C.; Pingali, Sai Venkatesh; Gallego, Nidia C.; Pu, Yunqiao; Evans, Barbara R.; O’Neill, Hugh M.; Davison, Brian H.; Ragauskas, Arthur J.

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00948

Chemical and Morphological Structure of Transgenic Switchgrass Organosolv Lignin Extracted by Ethanol, Tetrahydrofuran, and $$\mathcal{γ}$$-Valerolactone Pretreatments

Journal Article · Tue Jul 05 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00948· OSTI ID:1876267

Liang, Luna ^[1]; Wang, Yun-Yan ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[1]; Bryant, Nathan ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[3]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[4]

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

We report the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is a challenge in biological-based biorefinery systems due to the complex physicochemical structure of plant cell walls. Pretreatment and genetic modification are two approaches in biomass conversion that have succeeded in modifying the structure of lignocellulose to enable better enzymatic deconstruction. However, the structural differences among pretreatment-solubilized lignin isolated from switchgrass genotypes have not been extensively investigated. Here, three organosolv pretreatment systems-ethanol (EtOH), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and γ-valerolactone (GVL)-were used on wild-type (WT) and two transgenic switchgrasses. All organosolv pretreatments caused a significant reduction in the molecular mass of lignins; particularly, up to ~90% decrease was observed in EtOH-pretreated lignin compared to untreated lignin. The WT EtOH lignin also presented the smallest particle size among all WT lignins. THF pretreated transgenic lignins showed a higher molecular mass, β-O-4 linkages, and aliphatic hydroxyl content compared to EtOH and GVL pretreated lignin. The number of hydrogen bonds between lignin and the organic solvents calculated from the molecular dynamics simulations followed the same trend as the experimentally determined reduction in lignin molecular mass. The results revealed the structural changes of solubilized lignin isolated from wild-type and transgenic switchgrass after different organosolv pretreatments.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Institutes of Health; National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; SC0012704

OSTI ID:: 1876267

Journal Information:: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Journal Name: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Journal Issue: 28 Vol. 10; ISSN 2168-0485

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (76)

Lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and biochemicals: A comprehensive review with a focus on ethanol organosolv pretreatment technology Zhou, Ziyuan; Lei, Fuhou; Li, Pengfei Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 115, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26788	journal	September 2018
Depolymerization and Hydrodeoxygenation of Switchgrass Lignin with Formic Acid Xu, Weiyin; Miller, Stephen J.; Agrawal, Pradeep K. ChemSusChem, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201100695	journal	March 2012
Lignin-Based Thermoplastic Materials Wang, Chao; Kelley, Stephen S.; Venditti, Richard A. ChemSusChem, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201501531	journal	April 2016
An In-Depth Understanding of Biomass Recalcitrance Using Natural Poplar Variants as the Feedstock Meng, Xianzhi; Pu, Yunqiao; Yoo, Chang Geun ChemSusChem, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201601303	journal	December 2016
GROMACS: Fast, flexible, and free Van Der Spoel, David; Lindahl, Erik; Hess, Berk Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 26, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20291	journal	January 2005
Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis Zhao, Xuebing; Cheng, Keke; Liu, Dehua Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 82, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-1883-1	journal	February 2009
GROMACS: A message-passing parallel molecular dynamics implementation Berendsen, H. J. C.; van der Spoel, D.; van Drunen, R. Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 91, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(95)00042-e	journal	September 1995
Quiet high-resolution computer models of a plasma Hockney, R. W.; Goel, S. P.; Eastwood, J. W. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(74)90010-2	journal	February 1974
Process and technoeconomic analysis of leading pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic ethanol production using switchgrass Tao, Ling; Aden, Andy; Elander, Richard T. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, Issue 24, p. 11105-11114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.051	journal	December 2011
Comparative study of organosolv lignin extracted from prairie cordgrass, switchgrass and corn stover Cybulska, Iwona; Brudecki, Grzegorz; Rosentrater, Kurt Bioresource Technology, Vol. 118 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.073	journal	August 2012
Ethanol-based organosolv fractionation of wheat straw for the production of lignin and enzymatically digestible cellulose Wildschut, Jelle; Smit, Arjan T.; Reith, Johannes H. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.050	journal	May 2013
Characterization of fractional cuts of co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation lignin isolated by sequential precipitation Meng, Xianzhi; Parikh, Aakash; Seemala, Bhogeswararao Bioresource Technology, Vol. 272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.130	journal	January 2019
Improving the economy of lignocellulose-based biorefineries with organosolv pretreatment Ferreira, Jorge A.; Taherzadeh, Mohammad J. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 299 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122695	journal	March 2020
The critical role of lignin in lignocellulosic biomass conversion and recent pretreatment strategies: A comprehensive review Yoo, Chang Geun; Meng, Xianzhi; Pu, Yunqiao Bioresource Technology, Vol. 301 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122784	journal	April 2020
The effect of organosolv pretreatment variables on enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse Mesa, L.; González, E.; Cara, C. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 168, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.02.003	journal	April 2011
The influence of interunit carbon–carbon linkages during lignin upgrading Shuai, Li; Talebi Amiri, Masoud; Luterbacher, Jeremy S. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2016.10.001	journal	October 2016
Comparison study of organosolv pretreatment on hybrid pennisetum for enzymatic saccharification and lignin isolation Tan, Xuesong; Zhang, Quan; Wang, Wen Fuel, Vol. 249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.117	journal	August 2019
Pretreatment of Eucalyptus urophylla in γ-valerolactone/dilute acid system for removal of non-cellulosic components and acceleration of enzymatic hydrolysis Sun, Shao Ni; Chen, Xue; Tao, Ying Hua Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 132 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.004	journal	June 2019
Effects of the advanced organosolv pretreatment strategies on structural properties of woody biomass Meng, Xianzhi; Bhagia, Samarthya; Wang, Yunxuan Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112144	journal	April 2020
Characterization of milled wood lignin and ethanol organosolv lignin from miscanthus El Hage, Roland; Brosse, Nicolas; Chrusciel, Laurent Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 94, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.07.007	journal	October 2009
Effects of process severity on the chemical structure of Miscanthus ethanol organosolv lignin El Hage, Roland; Brosse, Nicolas; Sannigrahi, Poulomi Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 95, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.012	journal	June 2010
Simultaneous production of glucose, furfural, and ethanol organosolv lignin for total utilization of high recalcitrant biomass by organosolv pretreatment Choi, June-Ho; Jang, Soo-Kyeong; Kim, Jong-Hwa Renewable Energy, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.052	journal	January 2019
Chemical Transformations of Poplar Lignin during Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation Process Meng, Xianzhi; Parikh, Aakash; Seemala, Bhogeswararao ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01028	journal	May 2018
Insights of Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment on Lignin Properties of Broussonetia papyrifera Yao, Lan; Chen, Congxin; Yoo, Chang Geun ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03290	journal	September 2018
Automated Transformation of Lignin Topologies into Atomic Structures with LigninBuilder Vermaas, Josh V.; Dellon, Lauren D.; Broadbelt, Linda J. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05665	journal	December 2018
Structural and Morphological Transformations of Lignin Macromolecules during Bio-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Pretreatment Shen, Xiao-Jun; Chen, Tianying; Wang, Han-Min ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05106	journal	December 2019
Additive and Classical Drude Polarizable Force Fields for Linear and Cyclic Ethers Vorobyov, Igor; Anisimov, Victor M.; Greene, Shannon Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ct600350s	journal	March 2007
Structural Characterization of Switchgrass Lignin after Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment Hu, Gang; Cateto, Carolina; Pu, Yunqiao Energy & Fuels, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201477p	journal	December 2011
Chemical Transformations of Buddleja davidii Lignin during Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment Hallac, Bassem B.; Pu, Yunqiao; Ragauskas, Arthur J. Energy & Fuels, Vol. 24, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901556u	journal	April 2010
Simulation Analysis of the Temperature Dependence of Lignin Structure and Dynamics Petridis, Loukas; Schulz, Roland; Smith, Jeremy C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja206839u	journal	December 2011
Effect of Ionic Liquid Treatment on the Structures of Lignins in Solutions: Molecular Subunits Released from Lignin Cheng, Gang; Kent, Michael S.; He, Lilin Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/la300938b	journal	August 2012
Evidence for Complex Molecular Architectures for Solvent-Extracted Lignins Harton, Shane E.; Pingali, Sai Venkatesh; Nunnery, Grady A. ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/mz300045e	journal	April 2012
Correlations of the Antioxidant Properties of Softwood Kraft Lignin Fractions with the Thermal Stability of Its Blends with Polyethylene Sadeghifar, Hasan; Argyropoulos, Dimitris S. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500756n	journal	January 2015
Determination of hydroxyl groups in biorefinery resources via quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy Meng, Xianzhi; Crestini, Claudia; Ben, Haoxi Nature Protocols, Vol. 14, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0191-1	journal	August 2019
Solvent-enabled control of reactivity for liquid-phase reactions of biomass-derived compounds Mellmer, Max A.; Sanpitakseree, Chotitath; Demir, Benginur Nature Catalysis, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0027-3	journal	February 2018
THF co-solvent enhances hydrocarbon fuel precursor yields from lignocellulosic biomass Cai, Charles M.; Zhang, Taiying; Kumar, Rajeev Green Chemistry, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc41214h	journal	January 2013
Thermal properties of lignin in copolymers, blends, and composites: a review Sen, Sanghamitra; Patil, Shradha; Argyropoulos, Dimitris S. Green Chemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01066g	journal	January 2015
Organosolv pretreatment of plant biomass for enhanced enzymatic saccharification Zhang, Zhanying; Harrison, Mark D.; Rackemann, Darryn W. Green Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02034d	journal	January 2016
A mild biomass pretreatment using γ-valerolactone for concentrated sugar production Shuai, Li; Questell-Santiago, Ydna M.; Luterbacher, Jeremy S. Green Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02489g	journal	January 2016
The impact of lignin source on its self-assembly in solution Ratnaweera, Dilru R.; Saha, Dipendu; Pingali, Sai Venkatesh RSC Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 82 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13485d	journal	January 2015
Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks using biorenewable alcohols: towards complete biomass valorisation Lancefield, Christopher S.; Panovic, Isabella; Deuss, Peter J. Green Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6gc02739c	journal	January 2017
A biomass pretreatment using cellulose-derived solvent Cyrene Meng, Xianzhi; Pu, Yunqiao; Li, Mi Green Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/d0gc00661k	journal	January 2020
Fast predictions of liquid-phase acid-catalyzed reaction rates using molecular dynamics simulations and convolutional neural networks Chew, Alex K.; Jiang, Shengli; Zhang, Weiqi Chemical Science, Vol. 11, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sc03261a	journal	January 2020
Canonical sampling through velocity rescaling Bussi, Giovanni; Donadio, Davide; Parrinello, Michele The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2408420	journal	January 2007
Polymorphic transitions in single crystals: A new molecular dynamics method Parrinello, M.; Rahman, A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.328693	journal	December 1981
Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water Jorgensen, William L.; Chandrasekhar, Jayaraman; Madura, Jeffry D. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 79, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.445869	journal	July 1983
Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath Berendsen, H. J. C.; Postma, J. P. M.; van Gunsteren, W. F. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.448118	journal	October 1984
Particle mesh Ewald: An N ⋅log( N ) method for Ewald sums in large systems Darden, Tom; York, Darrin; Pedersen, Lee The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 98, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.464397	journal	June 1993
A smooth particle mesh Ewald method Essmann, Ulrich; Perera, Lalith; Berkowitz, Max L. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 103, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.470117	journal	November 1995
Genetic manipulation of lignin reduces recalcitrance and improves ethanol production from switchgrass Fu, Chunxiang; Mielenz, Jonathan R.; Xiao, Xirong Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 9, p. 3803-3808 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100310108	journal	February 2011
Increase in 4-Coumaryl Alcohol Units during Lignification in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) Alters the Extractability and Molecular Weight of Lignin Ziebell, Angela; Gracom, Kristen; Katahira, Rui Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 285, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110.137315	journal	October 2010
Constant pressure molecular dynamics for molecular systems Nosé, Shuichi; Klein, M. L. Molecular Physics, Vol. 50, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/00268978300102851	journal	December 1983
On the Quantification of Lignin Hydroxyl Groups With ³¹ P and ¹³ C NMR Spectroscopy Balakshin, Mikhail; Capanema, Ewellyn Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2014.928328	journal	April 2015
GROMACS 4.5: a high-throughput and highly parallel open source molecular simulation toolkit Pronk, Sander; Páll, Szilárd; Schulz, Roland Bioinformatics, Vol. 29, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt055	journal	February 2013
Fractal Geometry of Colloidal Aggregates Schaefer, Dale W.; Martin, James E.; Wiltzius, Pierre Physical Review Letters, Vol. 52, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.52.2371	journal	June 1984
Irena : tool suite for modeling and analysis of small-angle scattering Ilavsky, Jan; Jemian, Peter R. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 42, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889809002222	journal	February 2009
Small-angle scattering by fractal systems Teixeira, J. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 21, Issue 6, p. 781-785 https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889888000263	journal	December 1988
Approximations Leading to a Unified Exponential/Power-Law Approach to Small-Angle Scattering Beaucage, G. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 28, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889895005292	journal	December 1995
Small-Angle Scattering from Polymeric Mass Fractals of Arbitrary Mass-Fractal Dimension Beaucage, G. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/s0021889895011605	journal	April 1996
Accurate calculation of the density of proteins Quillin, Michael L.; Matthews, Brian W. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 56, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1107/s090744490000679x	journal	July 2000
Two-year field analysis of reduced recalcitrance transgenic switchgrass Baxter, Holly L.; Mazarei, Mitra; Labbe, Nicole Plant Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12195	journal	April 2014
Gene regulatory networks for lignin biosynthesis in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum ) Rao, Xiaolan; Chen, Xin; Shen, Hui Plant Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13000	journal	September 2018
Biomass Recalcitrance: Engineering Plants and Enzymes for Biofuels Production Himmel, M. E.; Ding, S.-Y.; Johnson, D. K. Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5813, p. 804-807 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137016	journal	February 2007
Nonenzymatic Sugar Production from Biomass Using Biomass-Derived -Valerolactone Luterbacher, J. S.; Rand, J. M.; Alonso, D. M. Science, Vol. 343, Issue 6168 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246748	journal	January 2014
Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery Ragauskas, A. J.; Beckham, G. T.; Biddy, M. J. Science, Vol. 344, Issue 6185, p. 1246843-1246843 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246843	journal	May 2014
Lignin Biosynthesis Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 54, Issue 1, p. 519-546 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938	journal	June 2003
Comparative genomic analysis of the R2R3 MYB secondary cell wall regulators of Arabidopsis, poplar, rice, maize, and switchgrass Zhao, Kangmei; Bartley, Laura E. BMC Plant Biology, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-14-135	journal	January 2014
Enhanced characteristics of genetically modified switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for high biofuel production Shen, Hui; Poovaiah, Charleson R.; Ziebell, Angela Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-71	journal	January 2013
Consolidated bioprocessing of transgenic switchgrass by an engineered and evolved Clostridium thermocellum strain Yee, Kelsey L.; Rodriguez Jr, Miguel; Thompson, Olivia A. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-75	journal	January 2014
Mechanism of lignin inhibition of enzymatic biomass deconstruction Vermaas, Josh V.; Petridis, Loukas; Qi, Xianghong Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0379-8	journal	December 2015
Study of traits and recalcitrance reduction of field-grown COMT down-regulated switchgrass Li, Mi; Pu, Yunqiao; Yoo, Chang Geun Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0695-7	journal	January 2017
Stimulation and inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis by organosolv lignins as determined by zeta potential and hydrophobicity Huang, Yang; Sun, Shaolong; Huang, Chen Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0853-6	journal	June 2017
Biomass augmentation through thermochemical pretreatments greatly enhances digestion of switchgrass by Clostridium thermocellum Kothari, Ninad; Holwerda, Evert K.; Cai, Charles M. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1216-7	journal	August 2018
Functional Characterization of NAC and MYB Transcription Factors Involved in Regulation of Biomass Production in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Zhong, Ruiqin; Yuan, Youxi; Spiekerman, John J. PLOS ONE, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134611	journal	August 2015
Structural Characterization of Lignin in Wild-Type versus COMT Down-Regulated Switchgrass Samuel, Reichel; Pu, Yunqiao; Jiang, Nan Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 1 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2013.00014	journal	January 2014
Effects of CELF Pretreatment Severity on Lignin Structure and the Lignin-Based Polyurethane Properties Wang, Yun-Yan; Sengupta, Priya; Scheidemantle, Brent Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00149	journal	July 2020

Similar Records

Simulation dataset for "Chemical and Morphological Structure of Transgenic Switchgrass Organosolv Lignin Extracted by Ethanol, Tetrahydrofuran, and Î³-Valerolactone Pretreatments"

Dataset · Fri Apr 23 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · OSTI ID:1778905

Effects of the advanced organosolv pretreatment strategies on structural properties of woody biomass

Journal Article · Wed Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Industrial Crops and Products · OSTI ID:1606658

Atomistic origins of biomass recalcitrance in organosolv pretreatment

Journal Article · Thu Mar 02 23:00:00 EST 2023 · Chemical Engineering Science · OSTI ID:2419366

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
lignin structure
organosolv pretreatment
small-angle X-ray scattering
switchgrass
transgenic switchgrass

Chemical and Morphological Structure of Transgenic Switchgrass Organosolv Lignin Extracted by Ethanol, Tetrahydrofuran, and $$\mathcal{γ}$$-Valerolactone Pretreatments

Citation Formats

References (76)

Similar Records

Related Subjects