Multiscale characterization and comparison of historical and modern nuclear graphite grades

Arregui-Mena, José David; Worth, Robert N.; Bodel, William; März, Benjamin; Li, Wenjing; Campbell, Anne A.; Cakmak, Ercan; Gallego, Nidia; Contescu, Cristian; Edmondson, Philip D.

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112047

Multiscale characterization and comparison of historical and modern nuclear graphite grades

Journal Article · Thu Jun 09 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Materials Characterization

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112047· OSTI ID:1872874

^[1]; Worth, Robert N. ^[2]; Bodel, William ^[2]; März, Benjamin ^[3]; Li, Wenjing ^[4]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[5]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Univ. of Manchester (United Kingdom)
Ludwig Maximilian Univ. of Munich, Munich (Germany)
Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON (Canada)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Manchester (United Kingdom)

Beginning with Chicago Pile I, graphite has been used as a moderator material in nuclear power stations and is considered a potential material for use in future Generation IV advanced reactors. The microstructure of graphite is responsible for much of its mechanical and thermo-physical properties, and how it responds to irradiation. To understand graphite microstructure, it is necessary to understand its porosity at the macro- and micro-scales; and to understand its porosity, it is necessary to characterize the morphological connectivity of the void content and the two main phases of graphite: filler and binder. Here, using several microscopy and analytical techniques, a detailed examination of the heterogeneity, microstructure and pore structure of different graphite grades and their binder and filler phases is presented. Significant differences were found between coarser and finer nuclear grades. Coarse grades have a more diverse range of filler particles, pores and thermal cracks. Finer grades have a more well-defined pore size distribution, fewer variations of filler particles sizes and do not contain as many large thermal cracks. Fine grades tend to have a well-connected network of pores whereas coarser grades contain a larger content of closed porosity. The framework developed within this work can be applied and used to assess the various graphite grades that would down-select materials for specific use in graphite moderated reactor designs.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Advanced Reactor Technologies (ART)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1872874

Journal Information:: Materials Characterization, Journal Name: Materials Characterization Journal Issue: - Vol. 190; ISSN 1044-5803

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (85)

3D microstructures of nuclear graphite: IG-110, NBG-18 and NG-CT-10 Jing, Shi-Pei; Zhang, Can; Pu, Jie Nuclear Science and Techniques, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-016-0071-0	journal	May 2016
Ion-beam-assisted characterization of quinoline-insoluble particles in nuclear graphite Huang, Qing; Han, Xin-Qing; Liu, Peng Nuclear Science and Techniques, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00813-7	journal	October 2020
Irradiation of graphite impregnated with furfuryl alcohol Engle, G. B.; Disselhorst, B. F.; Tully, G. R. Carbon, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(66)90041-8	journal	February 1966
Observations concerning the determination of porosities in graphites Dickinson, J. M.; Shore, J. W. Carbon, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(68)90077-8	journal	December 1968
Structural damage in graphite occurring during pore size measurements by high pressure mercury Baker, D. J.; Morris, J. B. Carbon, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(71)90092-3	journal	October 1971
Comparative study of the chemical structure of the disk-like components in the quinoline insolubles Mochida, Isao; Maeda, Keiko; Takeshita, Kenjiro Carbon, Vol. 16, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(78)90093-3	journal	January 1978
Analysis of the dimensional changes and structural changes in polycrystalline graphite under fast neutron irradiation Brocklehurst, J. E.; Kelly, B. T. Carbon, Vol. 31, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(93)90169-B	journal	January 1993
A microstructurally based fracture model for polygranular graphites Burchell, Timothy D. Carbon, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00171-9	journal	January 1996
Radiolytic graphite oxidation Best, J. V.; Stephen, W. J.; Wickham, A. J. Progress in Nuclear Energy, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-1970(85)90002-2	journal	January 1985
Structural modification of coal-tar pitch fractions during mild oxidation—relevance to carbonization behavior Machnikowski, J.; Kaczmarska, H.; Gerus-Piasecka, I. Carbon, Vol. 40, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00029-5	journal	September 2002
Mercury porosimetry Diamond, Sidney Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00370-7	journal	October 2000
A replacement for AGOT graphite? Woodcraft, A. Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 329-333 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(02)02453-5	journal	May 2003
Microstructure and molten salt impregnation characteristics of a micro-fine grain graphite for use in molten salt reactors Zhang, Wen-ting; Zhang, Bao-liang; Song, Jin-liang New Carbon Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60034-3	journal	December 2016
Three-dimensional crack observation, quantification and simulation in a quasi-brittle material Mostafavi, M.; Baimpas, N.; Tarleton, E. Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.07.011	journal	September 2013
The effect of microstructure on air oxidation resistance of nuclear graphite Contescu, Cristian I.; Guldan, Tyler; Wang, Peng Carbon, Vol. 50, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.01.040	journal	August 2012
Microstructure of natural graphite flakes revealed by oxidation: Limitations of XRD and Raman techniques for crystallinity estimates Badenhorst, Heinrich Carbon, Vol. 66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.065	journal	January 2014
Molten FLiNaK salt infiltration into degassed nuclear graphite under inert gas pressure He, Zhoutong; Gao, Lina; Qi, Wei Carbon, Vol. 84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.12.044	journal	April 2015
Neutron irradiation induced microstructural changes in NBG-18 and IG-110 nuclear graphites Karthik, Chinnathambi; Kane, Joshua; Butt, Darryl P. Carbon, Vol. 86 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.01.036	journal	May 2015
On the nature of cracks and voids in nuclear graphite Freeman, H. M.; Jones, A. N.; Ward, M. B. Carbon, Vol. 103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.011	journal	July 2016
Spatial variability in the mechanical properties of Gilsocarbon Arregui-Mena, José David; Bodel, William; Worth, Robert N. Carbon, Vol. 110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.09.051	journal	December 2016
Thermal annealing of nuclear graphite during in-situ electron irradiation Freeman, H. M.; Scott, A. J.; Brydson, R. M. D. Carbon, Vol. 115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.057	journal	May 2017
Synchrotron X-ray characterization of crack strain fields in polygranular graphite Barhli, S. M.; Saucedo-Mora, L.; Jordan, M. S. L. Carbon, Vol. 124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.08.075	journal	November 2017
A multi-technique experimental and modelling study of the porous structure of IG-110 and IG-430 nuclear graphite Jones, Katie L.; Laudone, Giuliano M.; Matthews, G. Peter Carbon, Vol. 128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.11.076	journal	March 2018
Effective gaseous diffusion coefficients of select ultra-fine, super-fine and medium grain nuclear graphite Kane, Joshua J.; Matthews, Austin C.; Orme, Christopher J. Carbon, Vol. 136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.05.003	journal	September 2018
Development of mesopores in superfine grain graphite neutron-irradiated at high fluence Contescu, Cristian I.; Arregui-Mena, José D.; Campbell, Anne A. Carbon, Vol. 141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.039	journal	January 2019
Formation of carbon nanostructures in nuclear graphite under high-temperature in situ electron-irradiation Johns, Steve; Poulsen, Tyler; Kane, Joshua J. Carbon, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.077	journal	March 2019
The microstructure and texture of Gilsocarbon graphite Shen, Ke; Yu, Suyuan; Kang, Feiyu Carbon, Vol. 153 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.06.108	journal	November 2019
The effect of irradiation and radiolytic oxidation on the porous space of Gilsocarbon nuclear graphite measured with mercury porosimetry and helium pycnometry Jones, Katie L.; Matthews, G. Peter; Laudone, Giuliano M. Carbon, Vol. 158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.084	journal	March 2020
Experimental evidence for ‘buckle, ruck and tuck’ in neutron irradiated graphite Johns, Steve; He, Lingfeng; Kane, Joshua J. Carbon, Vol. 159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.028	journal	April 2020
Effects of air oxidation on the evolution of surface area within nuclear graphite and the contribution of macropores Kane, Joshua J.; Matthews, Austin C.; Swank, W. David Carbon, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.05.018	journal	September 2020
Fullerene-like defects in high-temperature neutron-irradiated nuclear graphite Johns, Steve; He, Lingfeng; Bustillo, Karen Carbon, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.05.028	journal	September 2020
4D synchrotron X-ray microtomography of fracture in nuclear graphite after neutron irradiation and radiolytic oxidation Wade-Zhu, J.; Krishna, R.; Bodey, A. J. Carbon, Vol. 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.06.051	journal	October 2020
Assessment of the fracture toughness of neutron-irradiated nuclear graphite by 3D analysis of the crack displacement field Jin, Xiaochao; Wade-Zhu, James; Chen, Yang Carbon, Vol. 171 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.09.072	journal	January 2021
A macro-scale ruck and tuck mechanism for deformation in ion-irradiated polycrystalline graphite Liu, Dong; Cherns, David; Johns, Steve Carbon, Vol. 173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.086	journal	March 2021
Characterization of heterogeneity in NBG-18 nuclear graphite microstructure by correlative analysis of optical texture and focused ion beam transmission electron microscopy observations Shen, Ke; Zhang, Xue; Yu, Suyuan Carbon, Vol. 189 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.12.035	journal	April 2022
High temperature spherical nano-indentation of graphite crystals Marrow, T. J.; Šulak, I.; Li, B. -S. Carbon, Vol. 191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.01.067	journal	May 2022
Predictions of inter-granular cracking and dimensional changes of irradiated polycrystalline graphite under plane strain Delannay, L.; Yan, P.; Payne, J. F. B. Computational Materials Science, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.02.008	journal	May 2014
Nitrogen adsorption data, FIB-SEM tomography and TEM micrographs of neutron-irradiated superfine grain graphite Arregui-Mena, José D.; Contescu, Cristian I.; Campbell, Anne A. Data in Brief, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.078	journal	December 2018
Role of quinoline insoluble particles during the processing of coal tars to produce graphene materials Fernández-García, Laura; Álvarez, Patricia; Pérez-Mas, Ana M. Fuel, Vol. 206 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.099	journal	October 2017
The microstructural modelling of nuclear grade graphite Hall, G.; Marsden, B. J.; Fok, S. L. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 353, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.02.082	journal	July 2006
Microcracks in nuclear graphite and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) Wen, Keyun; Marrow, James; Marsden, Barry Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 381, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.07.012	journal	October 2008
Practical aspects for characterizing air oxidation of graphite Contescu, Cristian I.; Azad, Samina; Miller, Doug Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 381, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.07.020	journal	October 2008
Comparison of the oxidation rate and degree of graphitization of selected IG and NBG nuclear graphite grades Chi, Se-Hwan; Kim, Gen-Chan Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 381, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.07.027	journal	October 2008
Microstructural characterization and pore structure analysis of nuclear graphite Kane, J.; Karthik, C.; Butt, D. P. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 415, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.05.053	journal	August 2011
Pore structure development in oxidized IG-110 nuclear graphite Wang, Peng; Contescu, Cristian I.; Yu, Suyuan Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 430, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.07.015	journal	November 2012
Sealing nuclear graphite with pyrolytic carbon Feng, Shanglei; Xu, Li; Li, Li Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 441, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.06.035	journal	October 2013
Comparative analysis of graphite oxidation behaviour based on microstructure Badenhorst, Heinrich; Focke, Walter Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 442, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.08.053	journal	November 2013
SiC coating: An alternative for the protection of nuclear graphite from liquid fluoride salt He, Xiujie; Song, Jinliang; Tan, Jie Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 448, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.01.034	journal	May 2014
The relationship between microstructure and oxidation effects of selected IG- and NBG-grade nuclear graphites Huang, Wei-Hao; Tsai, Shuo-Cheng; Yang, Chia-Wei Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 454, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.07.052	journal	November 2014
Preparation of pyrolytic carbon coating on graphite for inhibiting liquid fluoride salt and Xe135 penetration for molten salt breeder reactor Song, Jinliang; Zhao, Yanling; He, Xiujie Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 456 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.006	journal	January 2015
Effect of specimen size and grain orientation on the mechanical and physical properties of NBG-18 nuclear graphite Vasudevamurthy, G.; Byun, T. S.; Pappano, P. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 462 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.02.012	journal	July 2015
Spatial variability in the coefficient of thermal expansion induces pre-service stresses in computer models of virgin Gilsocarbon bricks Arregui-Mena, José David; Margetts, Lee; Griffiths, D. V. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 465 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.05.058	journal	October 2015
Laser ultrasonic assessment of the effects of porosity and microcracking on the elastic moduli of nuclear graphites Spicer, James B.; Olasov, Lauren R.; Zeng, Fan W. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 471 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.12.015	journal	April 2016
Micro to nanostructural observations in neutron irradiated nuclear graphites PCEA and PCIB Freeman, H. M.; Mironov, B. E.; Windes, W. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 491 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2017.05.011	journal	August 2017
A new oxidation based technique for artifact free TEM specimen preparation of nuclear graphite Johns, Steve; Shin, Wontak; Kane, Joshua J. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 505 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.03.058	journal	July 2018
Site specific, high-resolution characterisation of porosity in graphite using FIB-SEM tomography Arregui-Mena, José David; Edmondson, Philip D.; Campbell, Anne A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 511 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.08.047	journal	December 2018
Characterisation of the spatial variability of material properties of Gilsocarbon and NBG-18 using random fields Arregui-Mena, José David; Edmondson, Philip D.; Margetts, Lee Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 511 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.09.008	journal	December 2018
Microstructure and properties of fine-grained isotropic graphite based on mixed fillers for application in molten salt breeder reactor He, Zhao; Lian, Pengfei; Song, Jinliang Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 511 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.09.039	journal	December 2018
Protection of graphite from salt and gas permeation in molten salt reactors Lee, Jo Jo; Arregui-Mena, José D.; Contescu, Cristian I. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 534 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152119	journal	June 2020
Electron tomography of unirradiated and irradiated nuclear graphite Arregui-Mena, José David; Cullen, David A.; Worth, Robert N. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 545 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152649	journal	March 2021
Multiple length-scale microstructural characterisation of four grades of fine-grained graphite Jiang, Ming; El-Turke, Adel; Lolov, Georgi Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 550 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.152876	journal	July 2021
The optical texture of PGA, Gilsocarbon, NBG-18, and IG-110 nuclear graphite Shen, Ke; Xu, Kun; Yu, Suyuan Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 552 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153013	journal	August 2021
The pores evolution in 3D view of nuclear graphite under ion beam irradiation Liu, Fanggang; He, Zhoutong; Wang, Yu Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 557 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153262	journal	December 2021
Mesoscopic structure features in synthetic graphite März, Benjamin; Jolley, Kenny; Marrow, Thomas James Materials & Design, Vol. 142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.038	journal	March 2018
Observations of crystal strains in filler and QI particles through TEM examination – Effect of processing and grain size Arregui-Mena, José David; Worth, Robert N.; Tunes, Matheus A. Materials & Design, Vol. 204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109673	journal	June 2021
Excluding molten fluoride salt from nuclear graphite by SiC/glassy carbon composite coating He, Zhao; Song, Jinliang; Lian, Pengfei Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 51, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2019.03.006	journal	August 2019
Oxidation behavior of IG and NBG nuclear graphites Choi, Woong-Ki; Kim, Byung-Joo; Kim, Eung-Seon Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 241, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.10.007	journal	January 2011
NBG-17 – An improved graphite grade for HTRs and VHTRs Béghein, Philippe; Berlioux, Gérard; Mesnildot, Bruno du Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.10.060	journal	October 2012
The oxidation effects of nuclear graphite during air-ingress accidents in HTGR Huang, Wei-Hao; Tsai, Shuo-Cheng; Chiu, I-Che Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 271 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.11.047	journal	May 2014
Mimicking irradiation-induced cracking of nuclear graphite using bromine intercalation Bodel, William; Martinuzzi, Philippe; Davies, Bruce Scripta Materialia, Vol. 199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.113889	journal	July 2021
Microstructural Characterization of Next Generation Nuclear Graphites Karthik, Chinnathambi; Kane, Joshua; Butt, Darryl P. Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611012360	journal	January 2012
Dimensional Quantification of Embedded Voids or Objects in Three Dimensions Using X-Ray Tomography Patterson, Brian M.; Escobedo-Diaz, Juan P.; Dennis-Koller, Darcie Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611012554	journal	February 2012
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic compounds in carbon black Peaden, Paul A.; Lee, Milton L.; Hirata, Yukio. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 52, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50064a008	journal	December 1980
Preparation and Characterization of Coal Pitch-Based Needle Coke (Part II): The Effects of β Resin in Refined Coal Pitch Zhu, Yaming; Hu, Chaoshuai; Xu, Yunliang Energy & Fuels, Vol. 34, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03406	journal	January 2020
Surface Properties of the Quinoline-Insoluble Fraction of Coal-Tar Pitch. Morgan, M. S.; Schlag, W. H.; Wilt, M. H. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/je60005a020	journal	January 1960
Graphite oxidation and SEM as a tool for microstructural investigation Badenhorst, Heinrich Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, Vol. 72, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2017.1285367	journal	February 2017
Porosity analysis of superfine-grain graphite IG-110 and ultrafine-grain graphite T220 Huang, Qing; Tang, Hui Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 35, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1599557	journal	April 2019
Dimensional change, irradiation creep and thermal/mechanical property changes in nuclear graphite Marsden, B. J.; Haverty, M.; Bodel, W. International Materials Reviews, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2015.1136460	journal	April 2016
Nano-cracks in a synthetic graphite composite for nuclear applications Liu, Dong; Cherns, David Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 98, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2018.1433886	journal	February 2018
The Dynamics of Capillary Flow Washburn, Edward W. Physical Review, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.17.273	journal	March 1921
Semiconductivity and Diamagnetism of Polycrystalline Graphite and Condensed Ring Systems Mrozowski, S. Physical Review, Vol. 85, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.85.609	journal	February 1952
Nobel Lecture: Random walk to graphene Geim, Andre K. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 83, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.83.851	journal	August 2011
A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms Otsu, Nobuyuki IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076	journal	January 1979
New Developments in Materials for Molten-Salt Reactors McCoy, H. E.; Beatty, R. L.; Cook, W. H. Nuclear Applications and Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.13182/NT70-A28622	journal	February 1970
High Resolution CT And Pore-Network Models To Assess Petrophysical Properties Of Homogeneous And Heterogeneous Carbonates Youssef, Souhail; Rosenberg, Elisabeth; Gland, Nicolas F. SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference https://doi.org/10.2118/111427-MS	conference	April 2013

Similar Records

Microstructural Characterization and Pore Structure Analysis of Nuclear Graphite

Journal Article · Mon Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2011 · Journal of Nuclear Materials · OSTI ID:1029633

Site specific, high-resolution characterisation of porosity in graphite using FIB-SEM tomography

Journal Article · Fri Nov 30 19:00:00 EST 2018 · Journal of Nuclear Materials · OSTI ID:1471932

Related Subjects

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
SEM
TEM
microstructure
nuclear graphite
porosity

Multiscale characterization and comparison of historical and modern nuclear graphite grades

Citation Formats

References (85)

Similar Records

Related Subjects