Cascadia Burning: The historic, but not historically unprecedented, 2020 wildfires in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Reilly, Matthew J.; Zuspan, Aaron; Halofsky, Joshua S.; Raymond, Crystal; McEvoy, Andy; Dye, Alex W.; Donato, Daniel C.; Kim, John B.; Potter, Brian E.; Walker, Nathan; Davis, Raymond J.; Dunn, Christopher J.; Bell, David M.; Gregory, Matthew J.; Johnston, James D.; Harvey, Brian J.; Halofsky, Jessica E.; Kerns, Becky K.

doi:10.1002/ecs2.4070

Cascadia Burning: The historic, but not historically unprecedented, 2020 wildfires in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Journal Article · Mon Jun 13 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Ecosphere

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4070· OSTI ID:1872254

Reilly, Matthew J. ^[1]; Zuspan, Aaron ^[2]; Halofsky, Joshua S. ^[3]; Raymond, Crystal ^[4]; McEvoy, Andy ^[5]; ^[6]; Donato, Daniel C. ^[3]; ^[1]; Potter, Brian E. ^[7]; Walker, Nathan ^[8]; Davis, Raymond J. ^[9]; Dunn, Christopher J. ^[6]; Bell, David M. ^[10]; Gregory, Matthew J. ^[6]; Johnston, James D. ^[6]; Harvey, Brian J. ^[4]; Halofsky, Jessica E. ^[11]; ^[10]

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center Corvallis Oregon USA
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center, ORISE Fellow Corvallis Oregon USA
Washington State Department of Natural Resources Olympia Washington USA, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, ORISE Fellow Corvallis Oregon USA
College of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Seattle Washington USA
USDA Forest Service Office of Sustainability and Climate Portland Oregon USA
USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Corvallis Oregon USA
USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis Oregon USA
USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center Olympia Washington USA

Abstract

Wildfires devastated communities in Oregon and Washington in September 2020, burning almost as much forest west of the Cascade Mountain crest (“the westside”) in 2 weeks (~340,000 ha) as in the previous five decades (~406,00 ha). Unlike dry forests of the interior western United States, temperate rain forests of the Pacific Northwest have experienced limited recent fire activity, and debates surrounding what drove the 2020 fires, and management strategies to adapt to similar future events, necessitate a scientific evaluation of the fires. We evaluate five questions regarding the 2020 Labor Day fires: (1) How do the 2020 fires compare with historical fires? (2) How did the roles of weather and antecedent climate differ geographically and from the recent past (1979–2019)? (3) How do fire size and severity compare to other recent fires (1985–2019), and how did forest management and prefire forest structure influence burn severity? (4) What impact will these fires have on westside landscapes? and (5) How can we adapt to similar fires in the future? Although 5 of the 2020 fires were much larger than any others in the recent past and burned ~10 times the area in high‐severity patches >10,000 ha, the 2020 fires were remarkably consistent with historical fires. Reports from the early 1900s, along with paleo‐ and dendro‐ecological records, indicate similar and potentially even larger wildfires over the past millennium, many of which shared similar seasonality (late August/early September), weather conditions, and even geographic locations. Consistent with the largest historical fires, strong east winds and anomalously dry conditions drove the rapid spread of high‐severity wildfire in 2020. We found minimal difference in burn severity among stand structural types related to previous management in the 2020 fires. Adaptation strategies for similar fires in the future could benefit by focusing on ignition prevention, fire suppression, and community preparedness, as opposed to fuel treatments that are unlikely to mitigate fire severity during extreme weather. While scientific uncertainties remain regarding the nature of infrequent, high‐severity fires in westside forests, particularly under climate change, adapting to their future occurrence will require different strategies than those in interior, dry forests.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 1872254

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1872256

Journal Information:: Ecosphere, Journal Name: Ecosphere Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 13; ISSN 2150-8925

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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