Deep-C storage: Biological, chemical and physical strategies to enhance carbon stocks in agricultural subsoils

Button, Erik S.; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer; Murphy, Daniel V.; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Chadwick, David R.; Jones, Davey L.

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108697

Title: Deep-C storage: Biological, chemical and physical strategies to enhance carbon stocks in agricultural subsoils

Journal Article · Fri Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Soil Biology and Biochemistry

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108697· OSTI ID:1870718

; Pett-Ridge, Jennifer; Murphy, Daniel V.; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Chadwick, David R.; Jones, Davey L.

Due to their substantial volume, subsoils contain more of the total soil carbon (C) pool than topsoils. Much of this C is thousands of years old, suggesting that subsoils offer considerable potential for long-term C sequestration. However, knowledge of subsoil C behaviour and manageability remains incomplete, and subsoil C storage potential has yet to be realised at a large scale, particularly in agricultural systems. A range of biological (e.g. deep-rooting), chemical (e.g. biochar burial) and physical (e.g. deep ploughing) C sequestration strategies have been proposed, but are yet to be assessed. In this review, we identify the main factors that regulate subsoil C cycling and critically evaluate the evidence and mechanistic basis of subsoil strategies designed to promote greater C storage, with particular emphasis on agroecosystems. We assess the barriers and opportunities for the implementation of strategies to enhance subsoil C sequestration and identify 5 key current gaps in scientific understanding. We conclude that subsoils, while highly heterogeneous, are in many cases more suited to long-term C sequestration than topsoils. The proposed strategies may also bring other tangible benefits to cropping systems (e.g. enhanced water holding capacity and nutrient use efficiency). Furthermore, while the subsoil C sequestration strategies we reviewed have large potential, more long-term studies are needed across a diverse range of soils and climates, in conjunction with chronosequence and space-for-time substitutions. Also, it is vital that subsoils are more consistently included in modelled estimations of soil C stocks and C sequestration potential, and that subsoil-explicit C models are developed to specifically reflect subsoil processes. Finally, further mapping of subsoil C is needed in specific regions (e.g. in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, South and Central America, South Asia and Africa). Conducting both immediate and long-term subsoil C studies will fill the knowledge gaps to devise appropriate soil C sequestration strategies and policies to help in the global fight against climate change and decline in soil quality. In conclusion, our evidence-based analysis reveals that subsoils offer an untapped potential to enhance global C storage in terrestrial ecosystems.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); Welsh Government; Australian Grains Research and Development Corporation

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; DAW1801-001RTX; SCW1632

OSTI ID:: 1870718

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1903452

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-826547; S0038071722001547; 108697; PII: S0038071722001547

Journal Information:: Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Journal Name: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Vol. 170 Journal Issue: C; ISSN 0038-0717

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (264)

Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool Scharlemann, Jörn PW; Tanner, Edmund VJ; Hiederer, Roland Carbon Management, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.77	journal	February 2014
Rolling in the deep: Priming effects in earthworm biopores in topsoil and subsoil Hoang, Duyen T. T.; Bauke, Sara L.; Kuzyakov, Yakov Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.06.021	journal	November 2017
Preservation of organic matter in sediments promoted by iron Lalonde, Karine; Mucci, Alfonso; Ouellet, Alexandre Nature, Vol. 483, Issue 7388 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10855	journal	March 2012
Land-use contrasts reveal instability of subsoil organic carbon Hobley, Eleanor; Baldock, Jeff; Hua, Quan Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13379	journal	June 2016
Deep soil flipping increases carbon stocks of New Zealand grasslands Schiedung, Marcus; Tregurtha, Craig S.; Beare, Michael H. Global Change Biology, Vol. 25, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14588	journal	February 2019
Temporal variation in surface and subsoil abundance and function of the soil microbial community in an arable soil Kramer, Susanne; Marhan, Sven; Haslwimmer, Heike Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 61 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.02.006	journal	June 2013
Soil water repellency and its implications for organic matter decomposition - is there a link to extreme climatic events?: EXTREME EVENTS AND SOIL WATER REPELLENCY Goebel, Marc-O.; Bachmann, JÖRg; Reichstein, Markus Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02414.x	journal	March 2011
Carbon sequestration in soil Lal, Rattan; Negassa, Wakene; Lorenz, Klaus Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.09.002	journal	August 2015
Links between microbial biomass and necromass components in the top- and subsoils of temperate grasslands along an aridity gradient Zhang, Xinying; Dai, Guohua; Ma, Tian Geoderma, Vol. 379 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114623	journal	December 2020
Meeting bulk density sampling requirements efficiently to estimate soil carbon stocks Holmes, Karen W.; Wherrett, Andrew; Keating, Adrian Soil Research, Vol. 49, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR11161	journal	January 2011
Technologies for increasing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change Whitmore, A. P.; Kirk, G. J. D.; Rawlins, B. G. Soil Use and Management, Vol. 31 https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12115	journal	April 2014
Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates Keiluweit, Marco; Bougoure, Jeremy J.; Nico, Peter S. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2580	journal	March 2015
Capacity for increasing soil organic carbon stocks in dryland agricultural systems Hoyle, F. C.; D'Antuono, M.; Overheu, T. Soil Research, Vol. 51, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR12373	journal	January 2013
Increasing organic stocks in agricultural soils: Knowledge gaps and potential innovations Chenu, Claire; Angers, Denis A.; Barré, Pierre Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 188 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.04.011	journal	May 2019
The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming Hicks Pries, Caitlin E.; Castanha, C.; Porras, R. C. Science, Vol. 355, Issue 6332 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal1319	journal	March 2017
Dynamic root exudate chemistry and microbial substrate preferences drive patterns in rhizosphere microbial community assembly Zhalnina, Kateryna; Louie, Katherine B.; Hao, Zhao Nature Microbiology, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0129-3	journal	March 2018
Biochar stability in soil: meta-analysis of decomposition and priming effects Wang, Jinyang; Xiong, Zhengqin; Kuzyakov, Yakov GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12266	journal	June 2015
Redefining fine roots improves understanding of below-ground contributions to terrestrial biosphere processes McCormack, M. Luke; Dickie, Ian A.; Eissenstat, David M. New Phytologist, Vol. 207, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13363	journal	March 2015
Decomposition and stabilization of root litter in top- and subsoil horizons: what is the difference? Sanaullah, Muhammad; Chabbi, Abad; Leifeld, Jens Plant and Soil, Vol. 338, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0554-4	journal	September 2010
Warming and elevated CO2 alter the suberin chemistry in roots of photosynthetically divergent grass species Suseela, Vidya; Tharayil, Nishanth; Pendall, Elise AoB PLANTS, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plx041	journal	September 2017
Drivers of organic carbon allocation in a temperate slope-floodplain catena under agricultural use Mayer, Stefanie; Schwindt, Daniel; Steffens, Markus Geoderma, Vol. 327 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.04.021	journal	October 2018
Biodegradation of forest floor organic matter bound to minerals via different binding mechanisms Mikutta, Robert; Mikutta, Christian; Kalbitz, Karsten Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 71, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.002	journal	May 2007
Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes De Deyn, Gerlinde B.; Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.; Bardgett, Richard D. Ecology Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.x	journal	May 2008
Protection of soil carbon by microaggregates within earthworm casts Bossuyt, Heleen; Six, Johan; Hendrix, Paul F. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 37, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.035	journal	February 2005
Microbial extracellular polysaccharide production and aggregate stability controlled by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) root biomass and soil water potential Sher, Yonatan; Baker, Nameer R.; Herman, Don Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107742	journal	April 2020
Efficacy of mitigation measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from intensively cultivated peatlands Taft, Helen E.; Cross, Paul A.; Jones, Davey L. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.08.020	journal	December 2018
Lignins: Biosynthesis and Biological Functions in Plants Liu, Qingquan; Luo, Le; Zheng, Luqing International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020335	journal	January 2018
Nanoscale evidence of contrasted processes for root-derived organic matter stabilization by mineral interactions depending on soil depth Rumpel, Cornelia; Baumann, Karen; Remusat, Laurent Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.017	journal	June 2015
Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects Kuzyakov, Y.; Friedel, J. K.; Stahr, K. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 32, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00084-5	journal	October 2000
Biochar amendment to coarse sandy subsoil improves root growth and increases water retention Bruun, E. W.; Petersen, C. T.; Hansen, E. Soil Use and Management, Vol. 30, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12102	journal	February 2014
Ecological and Genomic Attributes of Novel Bacterial Taxa That Thrive in Subsurface Soil Horizons Brewer, Tess E.; Aronson, Emma L.; Arogyaswamy, Keshav mBio, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01318-19	journal	October 2019
Mechanisms controlling soil carbon turnover and their potential application for enhancing carbon sequestration Jastrow, Julie D.; Amonette, James E.; Bailey, Vanessa L. Climatic Change, Vol. 80, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9178-3	journal	December 2006
Forest Soil Profile Inversion and Mixing Change the Vertical Stratification of Soil CO2 Concentration without Altering Soil Surface CO2 Flux Wang, Xiaoling; Fu, Shenglei; Li, Jianxiong Forests, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020192	journal	February 2019
Selective adsorption of dissolved organic matter to mineral soils Kothawala, D. N.; Roehm, C.; Blodau, C. Geoderma, Vol. 189-190 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.07.001	journal	November 2012
The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017 Saunois, Marielle; Stavert, Ann R.; Poulter, Ben Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020	journal	January 2020
Biochar mediated alterations in herbicide breakdown and leaching in soil Jones, D. L.; Edwards-Jones, G.; Murphy, D. V. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.015	journal	April 2011
Hydraulic redistribution by deeply rooted grasses and its ecohydrologic implications in the southern Great Plains of North America Oerter, Erik; Slessarev, Eric; Visser, Ate Hydrological Processes, Vol. 35, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14366	journal	September 2021
The power of “farmer friendly” financial incentives to deliver climate smart agriculture: a critical data gap Siedenburg, Jules; Martin, Adrian; McGuire, Shawn Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2012.748304	journal	December 2012
Farmers’ perceptions of climate change: identifying types Hyland, John J.; Jones, Davey L.; Parkhill, Karen A. Agriculture and Human Values, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9608-9	journal	May 2015
CO2 utilizing microbes — A comprehensive review Saini, Rashmi; Kapoor, Rupam; Kumar, Rita Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 29, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.009	journal	November 2011
Claying and deep ripping can increase crop yields and profits on water repellent sands with marginal fertility in southern Western Australia Hall, D. J. M.; Jones, H. R.; Crabtree, W. L. Soil Research, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR09078	journal	January 2010
Mineral properties, microbes, transport, and plant-input profiles control vertical distribution and age of soil carbon stocks Dwivedi, D.; Riley, W. J.; Torn, M. S. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.12.019	journal	April 2017
Lignins: Natural polymers from oxidative coupling of 4-hydroxyphenyl- propanoids Ralph, John; Lundquist, Knut; Brunow, Gösta Phytochemistry Reviews, Vol. 3, Issue 1-2, p. 29-60 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PHYT.0000047809.65444.a4	journal	January 2004
The Vertical Distribution of soil Organic Carbon and its Relation to Climate and Vegetation Jobbágy, Esteban G.; Jackson, Robert B. Ecological Applications, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0423:TVDOSO]2.0.CO;2	journal	April 2000
Strip rotary tillage with a two-year subsoiling interval enhances root growth and yield in wheat He, Jianning; Shi, Yu; Zhao, Junye Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48159-4	journal	August 2019
Effective carbon sequestration in Italian agricultural soils by in situ polymerization of soil organic matter under biomimetic photocatalysis Piccolo, Alessandro; Spaccini, Riccardo; Cozzolino, Vincenza Land Degradation & Development, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2877	journal	January 2018
Degradation of C2–C15 volatile organic compounds in a landfill cover soil Tassi, Franco; Montegrossi, Giordano; Vaselli, Orlando Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 407, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.022	journal	July 2009
Enhanced root exudation induces microbial feedbacks to N cycling in a pine forest under long-term CO2 fumigation: Rhizosphere feedbacks in CO2-enriched forests Phillips, Richard P.; Finzi, Adrien C.; Bernhardt, Emily S. Ecology Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01570.x	journal	December 2010
Leaching of viruses and other microorganisms naturally occurring in pig slurry to tile drains on a well-structured loamy field in Denmark Krog, Jesper S.; Forslund, Anita; Larsen, Lars E. Hydrogeology Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1530-8	journal	February 2017
Microbial carbon use efficiency and biomass turnover times depending on soil depth – Implications for carbon cycling Spohn, Marie; Klaus, Karoline; Wanek, Wolfgang Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.01.016	journal	May 2016
Carbon and nitrogen storage by deep-rooted tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) in the surface and subsurface soil of a fine sandy loam in eastern Canada Carter, M. R.; Gregorich, E. G. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 136, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.12.005	journal	February 2010
Microbial processing of plant residues in the subsoil – The role of biopores Banfield, Callum C.; Pausch, Johanna; Kuzyakov, Yakov Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.08.004	journal	October 2018
Change in deep soil microbial communities due to long-term fertilization Li, Chenhua; Yan, Kai; Tang, Lisong Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.023	journal	August 2014
Soil microbial populations in deep floodplain soils are adapted to infrequent but regular carbon substrate addition Cressey, E. L.; Dungait, J. A. J.; Jones, D. L. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.04.001	journal	July 2018
Global Sequestration Potential of Increased Organic Carbon in Cropland Soils Zomer, Robert J.; Bossio, Deborah A.; Sommer, Rolf Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15794-8	journal	November 2017
Impact of earthworm Lumbricus terrestris living sites on the greenhouse gas balance of no-till arable soil Nieminen, M.; Hurme, T.; Mikola, J. Biogeosciences, Vol. 12, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5481-2015	journal	January 2015
Shifting from a fertilization-dominated to a warming-dominated period Peñuelas, Josep; Ciais, Philippe; Canadell, Josep G. Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 1, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0274-8	journal	September 2017
Radiocarbon constraints imply reduced carbon uptake by soils during the 21st century He, Y.; Trumbore, S. E.; Torn, M. S. Science, Vol. 353, Issue 6306 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4273	journal	September 2016
Soil organic carbon sequestration in upland soils of northern China under variable fertilizer management and climate change scenarios Jiang, Guiying; Xu, Minggang; He, Xinhua Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004746	journal	March 2014
The effects of subsoiling and deep incorporation of P and K fertilizers on the yield and nutrient uptake of barley, potatoes, wheat and sugar beet grown in rotation McEwen, J.; Johnston, A. E. The Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 92, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600053946	journal	June 1979
Addition of iron to agricultural topsoil and subsoil is not an effective C sequestration strategy Button, Erik S.; Chadwick, David R.; Jones, David L. Geoderma, Vol. 409 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115646	journal	March 2022
Variations in microbial community composition through two soil depth profiles Fierer, Noah; Schimel, Joshua P.; Holden, Patricia A. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00251-1	journal	January 2003
Organic carbon sequestration in earthworm burrows Don, Axel; Steinberg, Bert; Schöning, Ingo Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 40, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.003	journal	July 2008
A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics Six, J.; Bossuyt, H.; Degryze, S. Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 79, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.03.008	journal	September 2004
The fate of buried organic carbon in colluvial soils: a long-term perspective Wang, Z.; Van Oost, K.; Lang, A. Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-873-2014	journal	January 2014
Community structure of prokaryotes and their functional potential in subsoils is more affected by spatial heterogeneity than by temporal variations Uksa, Marie; Fischer, Doreen; Welzl, Gerhard Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.018	journal	August 2014
Changes in extracellular enzyme activity and microbial community structure with soil depth at the Luquillo Critical Zone Observatory Stone, M. M.; DeForest, J. L.; Plante, A. F. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.04.017	journal	August 2014
Microbial necromass as the source of soil organic carbon in global ecosystems Wang, Baorong; An, Shaoshan; Liang, Chao Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 162 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108422	journal	November 2021
Microbial utilisation of biochar-derived carbon Farrell, Mark; Kuhn, Thomas K.; Macdonald, Lynne M. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 465 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.090	journal	November 2013
Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: A review Le Mer, Jean; Roger, Pierre European Journal of Soil Biology, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01067-6	journal	January 2001
Soil microbial anaplerotic CO2 fixation in temperate soils Nel, Jacques A.; Cramer, Michael D. Geoderma, Vol. 335 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.08.014	journal	February 2019
Vertical distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms across a soil profile of the Chinese Loess Plateau and their responses to nitrogen inputs Tao, Jinjin; Bai, Tongshuo; Xiao, Rui Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 635 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.104	journal	September 2018
The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage Liang, Chao; Schimel, Joshua P.; Jastrow, Julie D. Nature Microbiology, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.105	journal	July 2017
Decreased rhizodeposition, but increased microbial carbon stabilization with soil depth down to 3.6 m Peixoto, Leanne; Elsgaard, Lars; Rasmussen, Jim Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108008	journal	November 2020
Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies Smith, Pete Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13178	journal	January 2016
Nutrient availability limits carbon sequestration in arable soils Kirkby, Clive A.; Richardson, Alan E.; Wade, Len J. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.09.032	journal	January 2014
Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: a critical re-examination to identify the true and the false Powlson, D. S.; Whitmore, A. P.; Goulding, K. W. T. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 62, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01342.x	journal	January 2011
The Different Faces of Biochar: Contamination risk Versus Remediation tool Hilber, Isabel; Bastos, Ana Catarina; Loureiro, Susana Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2016.1254089	journal	February 2017
Global agriculture and carbon trade-offs Johnson, J. A.; Runge, C. F.; Senauer, B. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412835111	journal	August 2014
Carbon input by roots into the soil: Quantification of rhizodeposition from root to ecosystem scale Pausch, Johanna; Kuzyakov, Yakov Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13850	journal	September 2017
Influence of clay clod size and number for organic carbon distribution in sandy soil with clay addition Schapel, Amanda; Marschner, Petra; Churchman, Jock Geoderma, Vol. 335 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.08.009	journal	February 2019
Can earthworms simultaneously enhance decomposition and stabilization of plant residue carbon? Lubbers, Ingrid M.; Pulleman, Mirjam M.; Van Groenigen, Jan Willem Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.11.008	journal	February 2017
Carbon flux from plants to soil: roots are a below-ground source of phenolic secondary compounds in an alpine ecosystem: Seasonal change in microbial carbon sources Meier, Courtney L.; Suding, Katharine N.; Bowman, William D. Journal of Ecology, Vol. 96, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01356.x	journal	February 2008
Proteogenomic analyses indicate bacterial methylotrophy and archaeal heterotrophy are prevalent below the grass root zone Butterfield, Cristina N.; Li, Zhou; Andeer, Peter F. PeerJ, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2687	journal	January 2016
Greenhouse-gas emissions from soils increased by earthworms Lubbers, Ingrid M.; van Groenigen, Kees Jan; Fonte, Steven J. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1692	journal	February 2013
Carbon dynamics in topsoil and in subsoil may be controlled by different regulatory mechanisms: CARBON DYNAMICS IN TOPSOIL AND IN SUBSOIL SalomÃ, ClÃMence; Nunan, Naoise; Pouteau, ValÃRie Global Change Biology, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01884.x	journal	January 2010
Dissolved organic matter sorption by mineral constituents of subsoil clay fractions Kaiser, Klaus; Zech, Wolfgang Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Vol. 163, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2624(200010)163:5<531::AID-JPLN531>3.0.CO;2-N	journal	October 2000
A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments Smith, P.; Smith, J. U.; Powlson, D. S. Geoderma, Vol. 81, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00087-6	journal	December 1997
The role of DOM sorption to mineral surfaces in the preservation of organic matter in soils Kaiser, Klaus; Guggenberger, Georg Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 31, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00046-2	journal	July 2000
Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland soils Leifeld, J.; Fenner, S.; Müller, M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-425-2007	journal	January 2007
Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration Kell, D. B. Annals of Botany, Vol. 108, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr175	journal	August 2011
Benefits of increased soil exploration by wheat roots Lilley, J. M.; Kirkegaard, J. A. Field Crops Research, Vol. 122, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.03.010	journal	May 2011
Location and chemical composition of stabilized organic carbon in topsoil and subsoil horizons of two acid forest soils Rumpel, C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.09.005	journal	January 2004
Clay spreading on water repellent sands in the south east of South Australia—promoting sustainable agriculture Cann, M. A. Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 231-232 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00205-5	journal	May 2000
Fine resolution map of top- and subsoil carbon sequestration potential in France Chen, Songchao; Martin, Manuel P.; Saby, Nicolas P. A. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 630 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.209	journal	July 2018
Stoichiometric constraints on the microbial processing of carbon with soil depth along a riparian hillslope de Sosa, Laura L.; Glanville, Helen C.; Marshall, Miles R. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 54, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-018-1317-2	journal	October 2018
CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutagenesis of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 8 (CCD8) in Tobacco Affects Shoot and Root Architecture Gao, Junping; Zhang, Tong; Xu, Bingxin International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041062	journal	April 2018
Genomic and metagenomic surveys of hydrogenase distribution indicate H2 is a widely utilised energy source for microbial growth and survival Greening, Chris; Biswas, Ambarish; Carere, Carlo R. The ISME Journal, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.153	journal	September 2015
Effect of biochar addition on C mineralisation and soil organic matter priming in two subsoil horizons Naisse, Christophe; Girardin, Cyril; Davasse, Bernard Journal of Soils and Sediments, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-1002-5	journal	November 2014
The turnover of organic carbon in subsoils. Part 2. Modelling carbon turnover Jenkinson, D. S.; Coleman, K. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 59, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01026.x	journal	April 2008
How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal Smith, Pete; Soussana, Jean‐Francois; Angers, Denis Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14815	journal	October 2019
Soil management impacts on soil carbon sequestration by switchgrass Ma, Z.; Wood, C. W.; Bransby, D. I. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00013-1	journal	June 2000
Rapid soil formation after glacial retreat shaped by spatial patterns of organic matter accrual in microaggregates Schweizer, Steffen A.; Hoeschen, Carmen; Schlüter, Steffen Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14014	journal	January 2018
Intensive agriculture reduces soil biodiversity across Europe Tsiafouli, Maria A.; Thébault, Elisa; Sgardelis, Stefanos P. Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12752	journal	November 2014
Deep ploughing increases agricultural soil organic matter stocks Alcántara, Viridiana; Don, Axel; Well, Reinhard Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13289	journal	June 2016
Fungal community composition and diversity vary with soil depth and landscape position in a no-till wheat-based cropping system Schlatter, Daniel C.; Kahl, Kendall; Carlson, Bryan FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 94, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy098	journal	May 2018
Crop responses to elevated CO2 and interactions with H2O, N, and temperature Kimball, Bruce A. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Vol. 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.006	journal	June 2016
Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils Xiang, Shu-Rong; Doyle, Allen; Holden, Patricia A. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 40, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.004	journal	September 2008
Fate of soil-applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration Major, Julie; Lehmann, Johannes; Rondon, Marco Global Change Biology, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02044.x	journal	April 2010
Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property Schmidt, Michael W. I.; Torn, Margaret S.; Abiven, Samuel Nature, Vol. 478, Issue 7367 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10386	journal	October 2011
Stratification of microbial biomass C and N and gross N mineralisation with soil depth in two contrasting Western Australian agricultural soils Murphy, D. V.; Sparling, G. P.; Fillery, I. R. P. Soil Research, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1071/S97045	journal	January 1998
Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use Sanderman, Jonathan; Hengl, Tomislav; Fiske, Gregory J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706103114	journal	August 2017
Influence of termites on ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem services provided by termites Jouquet, Pascal; Traoré, Saran; Choosai, Chutinan European Journal of Soil Biology, Vol. 47, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.05.005	journal	July 2011
Is soil carbon mostly root carbon? Mechanisms for a specific stabilisation Rasse, Daniel P.; Rumpel, Cornelia; Dignac, Marie-France Plant and Soil, Vol. 269, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-0907-y	journal	February 2005
Influence of sorption on the biological utilization of two simple carbon substrates Jones, D. L.; Edwards, A. C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 30, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00060-1	journal	December 1998
Differential priming of soil carbon driven by soil depth and root impacts on carbon availability de Graaff, Marie-Anne; Jastrow, Julie D.; Gillette, Shay Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.047	journal	February 2014
Distribution with depth of protozoa, bacteria and fungi in soil profiles from three Danish forest sites Ekelund, F.; Rønn, R.; Christensen, S. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 33, Issue 4-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00188-7	journal	April 2001
Mediterranean grassland soil C–N compound turnover is dependent on rainfall and depth, and is mediated by genomically divergent microorganisms Diamond, Spencer; Andeer, Peter F.; Li, Zhou Nature Microbiology, Vol. 4, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0449-y	journal	May 2019
Hotspots of microbial activity induced by earthworm burrows, old root channels, and their combination in subsoil Hoang, Duyen T. T.; Pausch, Johanna; Razavi, Bahar S. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 52, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-016-1148-y	journal	September 2016
Stability of buried carbon in deep-ploughed forest and cropland soils - implications for carbon stocks Alcántara, Viridiana; Don, Axel; Vesterdal, Lars Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05501-y	journal	July 2017
Root litter decomposition slows with soil depth Hicks Pries, Caitlin E.; Sulman, Benjamin N.; West, Corinna Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.07.002	journal	October 2018
Evaluation of the ECOSSE model for simulating soil organic carbon under Miscanthus and short rotation coppice-willow crops in Britain Dondini, Marta; Richards, Mark; Pogson, Mark GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12286	journal	November 2015
The potential of behavioural change for climate change mitigation: a case study for the European Union van de Ven, Dirk-Jan; González-Eguino, Mikel; Arto, Iñaki Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9763-y	journal	September 2017
How deep is the soil studied – an analysis of four soil science journals Yost, Jenifer L.; Hartemink, Alfred E. Plant and Soil, Vol. 452, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04550-z	journal	May 2020
Effects of biochar application on fluxes of three biogenic greenhouse gases: a meta‐analysis Song, Xinzhang; Pan, Genxing; Zhang, Chao Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1202	journal	February 2016
Evidence for Subsoil Specialization in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Sosa-Hernández, Moisés A.; Roy, Julien; Hempel, Stefan Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00067	journal	May 2018
Breaking ground: Pedological, geological, and ecological implications of soil bioturbation Wilkinson, Marshall T.; Richards, Paul J.; Humphreys, Geoff S. Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 97, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.09.005	journal	December 2009
Comparing microbial carbon sequestration and priming in the subsoil versus topsoil of a Qinghai-Tibetan alpine grassland Jia, Juan; Feng, Xiaojuan; He, Jin-Sheng Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.10.018	journal	January 2017
Soil drainage facilitates earthworm invasion and subsequent carbon loss from peatland soil Wu, Xinwei; Cao, Rui; Wei, Xue Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 54, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12894	journal	March 2017
Root xylem CO2 flux: an important but unaccounted-for component of root respiration Bloemen, Jasper; Teskey, R. O.; McGuire, M. A. Trees, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1185-4	journal	March 2015
Quantifying the effects of switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) on deep organic C stocks using natural abundance ¹⁴ C in three marginal soils Slessarev, Eric W.; Nuccio, Erin E.; McFarlane, Karis J. GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12729	journal	August 2020
Organic carbon and carbon isotopes in modern and 100-year-old-soil archives of the Russian steppe Torn, Margaret S.; Lapenis, Andrei G.; Timofeev, Anatoly Global Change Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00477.x	journal	October 2002
Significance of dark CO2 fixation in arctic soils Šantrůčková, Hana; Kotas, Petr; Bárta, Jiří Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.12.021	journal	April 2018
Limits to soil carbon stability; Deep, ancient soil carbon decomposition stimulated by new labile organic inputs Bernal, Blanca; McKinley, Duncan C.; Hungate, Bruce A. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.04.007	journal	July 2016
Iron-bound organic carbon in forest soils: quantification and characterization Zhao, Qian; Poulson, Simon R.; Obrist, Daniel Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4777-2016	journal	January 2016
Effect of subsoiling and injection of pelletized organic matter on soil quality and productivity Leskiw, Leonard A.; Welsh, Catherine M.; Zeleke, Takele B. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 92, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss2011-003	journal	January 2012
Changes in soil organic carbon under perennial crops Ledo, Alicia; Smith, Pete; Zerihun, Ayalsew Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15120	journal	May 2020
Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks - a meta-analysis: SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND LAND-USE CHANGE Don, Axel; Schumacher, Jens; Freibauer, Annette Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02336.x	journal	November 2010
Subsoil Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Sustainability and Climate-Smart Agriculture: A Solution Right Under Our Feet? Sosa-Hernández, Moisés A.; Leifheit, Eva F.; Ingraffia, Rosolino Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00744	journal	April 2019
Iron addition to soil specifically stabilized lignin Hall, Steven J.; Silver, Whendee L.; Timokhin, Vitaliy I. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.04.010	journal	July 2016
Soil zymography as a powerful tool for exploring hotspots and substrate limitation in undisturbed subsoil Heitkötter, Julian; Marschner, Bernd Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.06.021	journal	September 2018
Major limitations to achieving “4 per 1000” increases in soil organic carbon stock in temperate regions: Evidence from long-term experiments at Rothamsted Research, United Kingdom Poulton, Paul; Johnston, Johnny; Macdonald, Andy Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14066	journal	February 2018
Phosphorus demand for the 1970–2100 period: A scenario analysis of resource depletion Van Vuuren, D. P.; Bouwman, A. F.; Beusen, A. H. W. Global Environmental Change, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.04.004	journal	August 2010
Long-term carbon storage through retention of dissolved aromatic acids by reactive particles in soil Kramer, Marc G.; Sanderman, Jonathan; Chadwick, Oliver A. Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02681.x	journal	May 2012
Colonization and community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in maize roots at different depths in the soil profile respond differently to phosphorus inputs on a long-term experimental site Wang, Chao; White, Philip J.; Li, Chunjian Mycorrhiza, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-016-0757-5	journal	December 2016
Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter: Association with Minerals or Chemical Recalcitrance? Mikutta, Robert; Kleber, Markus; Torn, Margaret S. Biogeochemistry, Vol. 77, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-0712-6	journal	January 2006
Root angle modifications by the DRO1 homolog improve rice yields in saline paddy fields Kitomi, Yuka; Hanzawa, Eiko; Kuya, Noriyuki Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005911117	journal	August 2020
Review of Soil Organic Carbon Measurement Protocols: A US and Brazil Comparison and Recommendation Davis, Maggie; Alves, Bruno; Karlen, Douglas Sustainability, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010053	journal	December 2017
Persistence of the dominant soil phylum Acidobacteria by trace gas scavenging Greening, Chris; Carere, Carlo R.; Rushton-Green, Rowena Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508385112	journal	August 2015
Is the ‘enzyme latch’ or ‘iron gate’ the key to protecting soil organic carbon in peatlands? Wen, Yuan; Zang, Huadong; Ma, Qingxu Geoderma, Vol. 349 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.04.023	journal	September 2019
Ammonia-oxidising bacteria not archaea dominate nitrification activity in semi-arid agricultural soil Banning, Natasha C.; Maccarone, Linda D.; Fisk, Louise M. Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11146	journal	June 2015
Quantifying 12/13CH4 migration and fate following sub-surface release to an agricultural soil Shaw, G.; Atkinson, B.; Meredith, W. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.07.006	journal	July 2014
The ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial PLFA markers as an indicator of carbon availability in organic soils Fanin, Nicolas; Kardol, Paul; Farrell, Mark Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.010	journal	January 2019
Atmospheric carbon monoxide oxidation is a widespread mechanism supporting microbial survival Cordero, Paul R. F.; Bayly, Katherine; Man Leung, Pok The ISME Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0479-8	journal	July 2019
Vertical distribution, age, and chemical composition of organic carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis Rumpel, C.; Kögel-Knabner, I.; Bruhn, F. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 33, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00088-8	journal	October 2002
Microbial phototrophic fixation of atmospheric CO2 in China subtropical upland and paddy soils Ge, Tida; Wu, Xiaohong; Chen, Xiaojuan Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.03.020	journal	July 2013
Deep Soil Carbon: Quantification and Modeling in Subsurface Layers James, Jason; Devine, Warren; Harrison, Rob Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 78, Issue S1 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.06.0245nafsc	journal	January 2014
The age distribution of global soil carbon inferred from radiocarbon measurements Shi, Zheng; Allison, Steven D.; He, Yujie Nature Geoscience, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0596-z	journal	June 2020
Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis Guo, L. B.; Gifford, R. M. Global Change Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x	journal	April 2002
Subsoil application of compost improved sugarcane yield through enhanced supply and cycling of soil labile organic carbon and nitrogen in an acidic soil at tropical Australia Liu, Xiangyu; Rezaei Rashti, Mehran; Dougall, Andrew Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 180 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.02.013	journal	August 2018
Synthetic iron (hydr)oxide-glucose associations in subsurface soil: Effects on decomposability of mineral associated carbon Porras, R. C.; Hicks Pries, C. E.; Torn, M. S. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 613-614 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.290	journal	February 2018
Engineering plant architecture via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated alteration of strigolactone biosynthesis Butt, Haroon; Jamil, Muhammad; Wang, Jian You BMC Plant Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1387-1	journal	August 2018
Controls on the Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Matter in Soils: a Review Kalbitz, K.; Solinger, S.; Park, J. -H. Soil Science, Vol. 165, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200004000-00001	journal	January 2000
In situ and laboratory soil spectroscopy with portable visible-to-near-infrared and mid-infrared instruments for the assessment of organic carbon in soils Hutengs, Christopher; Seidel, Michael; Oertel, Felix Geoderma, Vol. 355 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113900	journal	December 2019
Root Exudates Induce Soil Macroaggregation Facilitated by Fungi in Subsoil Baumert, Vera L.; Vasilyeva, Nadezda A.; Vladimirov, Artem A. Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00140	journal	November 2018
Temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition governed by aggregate protection and microbial communities Qin, Shuqi; Chen, Leiyi; Fang, Kai Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau1218	journal	July 2019
The effect of water table depth on emissions of N2O from a grassland soil Dobbie, K. E.; Smith, K. A. Soil Use and Management, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00002.x	journal	March 2006
Inferring the impact of earthworms on the stability of organo-mineral associations, by Rock-Eval thermal analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy Le Mer, Guillaume; Barthod, Justine; Dignac, Marie-France Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104016	journal	June 2020
Microbial hotspots and hot moments in soil: Concept & review Kuzyakov, Yakov; Blagodatskaya, Evgenia Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.025	journal	April 2015
Adsorption and desorption dynamics of citric acid anions in soil Oburger, E.; Leitner, D.; Jones, D. L. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 62, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01384.x	journal	July 2011
Effects of soil process formalisms and forcing factors on simulated organic carbon depth-distributions in soils Keyvanshokouhi, S.; Cornu, S.; Lafolie, F. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 652 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.236	journal	February 2019
The significance of phloem transport for the speed with which canopy photosynthesis and belowground respiration are linked Mencuccini, Maurizio; Hölttä, Teemu New Phytologist, Vol. 185, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03050.x	journal	October 2009
Characterising the biophysical, economic and social impacts of soil carbon sequestration as a greenhouse gas removal technology Sykes, Alasdair J.; Macleod, Michael; Eory, Vera Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14844	journal	October 2019
The potential of world cropland soils to sequester C and mitigate the greenhouse effect Lal, R.; Bruce, J. P. Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(99)00012-X	journal	May 1999
Land use change and soil organic carbon dynamics Smith, Pete Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Vol. 81, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9138-y	journal	October 2007
Boosted selectivity and enhanced capacity of As(V) removal from polluted water by triethylenetetramine activated lignin-based adsorbents Huang, Chunde; Shi, Xiaofeng; Wang, Chao International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.230	journal	November 2019
Deep soil inventories reveal that impacts of cover crops and compost on soil carbon sequestration differ in surface and subsurface soils Tautges, Nicole E.; Chiartas, Jessica L.; Gaudin, Amélie C. M. Global Change Biology, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14762	journal	August 2019
Continuous Application of Biochar Inoculated with Root Nodule Bacteria to Subsoil Enhances Yield of Soybean by the Nodulation Control using Crack Fertilization Technique Iijima, Morio; Yamane, Koji; Izumi, Yasuhiro Plant Production Science, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.18.197	journal	January 2015
Relative importance of sorption versus aggregation for organic matter storage in subsoil horizons of two contrasting soils Moni, C.; Rumpel, C.; Virto, I. European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 61, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01307.x	journal	November 2010
Significance of nitrate leaching and long term N immobilization after deepening the plough layers for the N regime of arable soils in N.W. Germany Nieder, R.; Kersebaum, K. C.; Richter, J. Plant and Soil, Vol. 173, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00155528	journal	June 1995
Opportunities and challenges in the subsoil: pathways to deeper rooted crops Lynch, Jonathan P.; Wojciechowski, Tobias Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 66, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru508	journal	January 2015
Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover Torn, Margaret S.; Trumbore, Susan E.; Chadwick, Oliver A. Nature, Vol. 389, Issue 6647 https://doi.org/10.1038/38260	journal	September 1997
Going underground: root traits as drivers of ecosystem processes Bardgett, Richard D.; Mommer, Liesje; De Vries, Franciska T. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 29, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.006	journal	December 2014
Soil Carbon Sequestration by Switchgrass and No-Till Maize Grown for Bioenergy Follett, Ronald F.; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Varvel, Gary E. BioEnergy Research, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9198-y	journal	May 2012
Carbon flow in the rhizosphere: carbon trading at the soil–root interface Jones, D. L.; Nguyen, C.; Finlay, R. D. Plant and Soil, Vol. 321, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9925-0	journal	February 2009
A Review of the Movement and Fate of N2O in the Subsoil Clough, T. J.; Sherlock, R. R.; Rolston, D. E. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Vol. 72, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-7349-z	journal	May 2005
Causes of variation in soil carbon simulations from CMIP5 Earth system models and comparison with observations Todd-Brown, K. E. O.; Randerson, J. T.; Post, W. M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1717-2013	journal	January 2013
Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils Gregorich, E. G.; Carter, M. R.; Angers, D. A. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 74, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss94-051	journal	November 1994
Dissolved organic matter in soil: challenging the paradigm of sorptive preservation Guggenberger, Georg; Kaiser, Klaus Geoderma, Vol. 113, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00366-X	journal	May 2003
Changing Carrot Color: Insertions in DcMYB7 Alter the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Modification Xu, Zhi-Sheng; Yang, Qing-Qing; Feng, Kai Plant Physiology, Vol. 181, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.00523	journal	June 2019
Biopore history determines the microbial community composition in subsoil hotspots Banfield, Callum C.; Dippold, Michaela A.; Pausch, Johanna Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 53, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-017-1201-5	journal	April 2017
Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe Freibauer, Annette; Rounsevell, Mark D. A.; Smith, Pete Geoderma, Vol. 122, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.021	journal	September 2004
Root penetration in deep soil layers stimulates mineralization of millennia-old organic carbon Shahzad, Tanvir; Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz; Maire, Vincent Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.06.010	journal	September 2018
C-TOOL: A simple model for simulating whole-profile carbon storage in temperate agricultural soils Taghizadeh-Toosi, Arezoo; Christensen, Bent T.; Hutchings, Nicholas J. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 292 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.08.016	journal	November 2014
Slurry acidification and anaerobic digestion affects the speciation and vertical movement of particulate and nanoparticulate phosphorus in soil after cattle slurry application Li, Yuhong; Jones, David L.; Chen, Qing Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 189 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.01.009	journal	June 2019
Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits Springmann, Marco; Clark, Michael; Mason-D’Croz, Daniel Nature, Vol. 562, Issue 7728 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0594-0	journal	October 2018
Depth-dependent greenhouse gas production and consumption in an upland cropping system in northern China Wang, Yuying; Li, Xiaoxin; Dong, Wenxu Geoderma, Vol. 319 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.01.001	journal	June 2018
Stabilised carbon in subsoil horizons is located in spatially distinct parts of the soil profile Chabbi, A.; Kögel-Knabner, I.; Rumpel, C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 41, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.033	journal	February 2009
Digging deeper to find unique microbial communities: The strong effect of depth on the structure of bacterial and archaeal communities in soil Eilers, Kathryn G.; Debenport, Spencer; Anderson, Suzanne Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 50 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.03.011	journal	July 2012
Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources Jackson, R. B.; Saunois, M.; Bousquet, P. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2	journal	July 2020
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in UK soils and the influence of soil, vegetation type and seasonality van den Berg, Leon J. L.; Shotbolt, Laura; Ashmore, Mike R. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 427-428 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.069	journal	June 2012
Soil physics meets soil biology: Towards better mechanistic prediction of greenhouse gas emissions from soil Blagodatsky, Sergey; Smith, Pete Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.12.015	journal	April 2012
Regulation of amino acid biodegradation in soil as affected by depth Kemmitt, Sarah J.; Wright, David; Murphy, Daniel V. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 44, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-008-0278-2	journal	March 2008
Effect of maize root mucilage on phosphate adsorption and exchangeability on a synthetic ferrihydrite Gaume, Alain; Weidler, P. G.; Frossard, E. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 31, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740000206	journal	September 2000
Dormancy contributes to the maintenance of microbial diversity Jones, S. E.; Lennon, J. T. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912765107	journal	March 2010
Large-scale sequestration of atmospheric carbon via plant roots in natural and agricultural ecosystems: why and how Kell, Douglas B. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 367, Issue 1595 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0244	journal	June 2012
Understanding deep roots and their functions in ecosystems: an advocacy for more unconventional research Pierret, Alain; Maeght, Jean-Luc; Clément, Corentin Annals of Botany, Vol. 118, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw130	journal	July 2016
Atmospheric trace gases support primary production in Antarctic desert surface soil Ji, Mukan; Greening, Chris; Vanwonterghem, Inka Nature, Vol. 552, Issue 7685 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25014	journal	December 2017
Review and synthesis of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil processes: No changes in pools, but increased fluxes and accelerated cycles Kuzyakov, Yakov; Horwath, William R.; Dorodnikov, Maxim Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.005	journal	January 2019
The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon Stockmann, Uta; Adams, Mark A.; Crawford, John W. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.001	journal	January 2013
Stratification of soil organic C, N and C:N ratio as affected by conservation tillage in two maize fields of China Lou, Yilai; Xu, Minggang; Chen, Xianni CATENA, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.02.009	journal	August 2012
Iron oxide red wastewater treatment and recycling of iron-containing sludge Chen, Zhenguo; Wang, Xiaojun; Ge, Qilong Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.057	journal	January 2015
Soil organic matter in soil depth profiles: Distinct carbon preferences of microbial groups during carbon transformation Kramer, Christiane; Gleixner, Gerd Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 40, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.09.016	journal	February 2008
Variables controlling denitrification from earthworm casts and soil in permanent pastures Elliott, P. W.; Knight, D.; Anderson, J. M. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00335829	journal	April 1991
Subsoil Microbial Diversity and Stability in Rotational Cotton Systems Polain, Katherine; Knox, Oliver; Wilson, Brian Soil Systems, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030044	journal	July 2020
Climate-smart soils Paustian, Keith; Lehmann, Johannes; Ogle, Stephen Nature, Vol. 532, Issue 7597 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17174	journal	April 2016
Roots contribute more to refractory soil organic matter than above-ground crop residues, as revealed by a long-term field experiment Kätterer, Thomas; Bolinder, Martin Anders; Andrén, Olof Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 141, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.02.029	journal	April 2011
The distribution and abundance of wheat roots in a dense, structured subsoil â implications for water uptake White, Rosemary G.; Kirkegaard, John A. Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02059.x	journal	February 2010
Simulation and validation of greenhouse gas emissions and SOC stock changes in arable land using the ECOSSE model Khalil, M. I.; Richards, M.; Osborne, B. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.038	journal	December 2013
Soil burial contributes to deep soil organic carbon storage Chaopricha, Nina T.; Marín-Spiotta, Erika Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.011	journal	February 2014
Rye cover crop incorporation and high watertable mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in cultivated peatland Wen, Yuan; Zang, Huadong; Freeman, Benjamin Land Degradation & Development, Vol. 30, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3390	journal	July 2019
Fungi and bacteria respond differently to changing environmental conditions within a soil profile Preusser, Sebastian; Poll, Christian; Marhan, Sven Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107543	journal	October 2019
How Roots Control the flux of Carbon to the Rhizosphere Farrar, John; Hawes, Martha; Jones, Davey Ecology, Vol. 84, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0827:HRCTFO]2.0.CO;2	journal	April 2003
Continental-scale patterns of extracellular enzyme activity in the subsoil: an overlooked reservoir of microbial activity Dove, Nicholas C.; Arogyaswamy, Keshav; Billings, Sharon A. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb0b3	journal	October 2020
Large-scale genome sequencing of mycorrhizal fungi provides insights into the early evolution of symbiotic traits Miyauchi, Shingo; Kiss, Enikő; Kuo, Alan Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18795-w	journal	October 2020
Soil carbon 4 per mille Minasny, Budiman; Malone, Brendan P.; McBratney, Alex B. Geoderma, Vol. 292 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.002	journal	April 2017
Physical constraints affecting bacterial habitats and activity in unsaturated porous media – a review Or, D.; Smets, B. F.; Wraith, J. M. Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 30, Issue 6-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.05.025	journal	June 2007
Significance of Wettability-Induced Changes in Microscopic Water Distribution for Soil Organic Matter Decomposition Goebel, Marc-O.; Woche, Susanne K.; Bachmann, Joerg Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 71, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0192	journal	September 2007
Greenhouse gas emissions from temperate permanent grassland on clay-loam soil following the installation of artificial drainage Valbuena-Parralejo, N.; Tuohy, P.; Fenton, O. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.09.011	journal	January 2019
Three-dimensional scanning for measurement of bulk density in gravelly soils Scanlan, C. A.; Rahmani, H.; Bowles, R. Soil Use and Management, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12426	journal	July 2018
The effect of deep tillage on crop yield – What do we really know? Schneider, Florian; Don, Axel; Hennings, Inga Soil and Tillage Research, Vol. 174 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.07.005	journal	December 2017
Prokaryotes in Subsoil—Evidence for a Strong Spatial Separation of Different Phyla by Analysing Co-occurrence Networks Uksa, Marie; Schloter, Michael; Endesfelder, David Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01269	journal	November 2015
Carbon sequestration potential in perennial bioenergy crops: the importance of organic matter inputs and its physical protection Chimento, Carlo; Almagro, María; Amaducci, Stefano GCB Bioenergy, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12232	journal	December 2014
CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing and Precision Plant Breeding in Agriculture Chen, Kunling; Wang, Yanpeng; Zhang, Rui Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 70, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100049	journal	April 2019
Deep soil organic matter—a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle Rumpel, Cornelia; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid Plant and Soil, Vol. 338, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0391-5	journal	May 2010
Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen under warm-season native grasses relative to croplands in west-central Indiana, USA Omonode, R.; Vyn, T. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 117, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.031	journal	November 2006
A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2 Terrer, C.; Phillips, R. P.; Hungate, B. A. Nature, Vol. 591, Issue 7851 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03306-8	journal	March 2021
Global distribution of soil organic carbon – Part 1: Masses and frequency distributions of SOC stocks for the tropics, permafrost regions, wetlands, and the world Köchy, M.; Hiederer, R.; Freibauer, A. SOIL, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-351-2015	journal	January 2015
Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change Davidson, Eric A.; Janssens, Ivan A. Nature, Vol. 440, Issue 7081 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04514	journal	March 2006
Microbial competition for nitrogen and carbon is as intense in the subsoil as in the topsoil Jones, D. L.; Magthab, E. A.; Gleeson, D. B. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.10.024	journal	February 2018
Nitrogen and phosphorus supply controls soil organic carbon mineralization in tropical topsoil and subsoil Meyer, Nele; Welp, Gerhard; Rodionov, Andrei Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.01.024	journal	April 2018
Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques Taylor, J. P.; Wilson, B.; Mills, M. S. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00199-7	journal	March 2002
Nutrient acquisition from arable subsoils in temperate climates: A review Kautz, Timo; Amelung, Wulf; Ewert, Frank Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.09.014	journal	February 2013
Soil carbon under switchgrass stands and cultivated cropland Liebig, M. A.; Johnson, H. A.; Hanson, J. D. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 28, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.11.004	journal	April 2005
Greenhouse gas emissions from intensively managed peat soils in an arable production system Taft, Helen E.; Cross, Paul A.; Edwards-Jones, Gareth Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.11.015	journal	January 2017
Experimental Consideration, Treatments, and Methods in Determining Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Rates Olson, Kenneth R.; Al-Kaisi, Mahdi M.; Lal, Rattan Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 78, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.09.0412	journal	January 2014
Chemical composition of young and old carbon pools throughout Cambisol and Luvisol profiles under forests Schöning, Ingo; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 38, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.03.005	journal	August 2006
The contentious nature of soil organic matter Lehmann, Johannes; Kleber, Markus Nature, Vol. 528, Issue 7580 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16069	journal	November 2015
20 reasons why geoengineering may be a bad idea Robock, Alan; Jerch, Kirsten; Bunzl, Martin Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 64, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2008.11461140	journal	May 2008
Carbon Turnover Kinetics with Depth in a French Loamy Soil Rasse, Daniel P.; Mulder, Jan; Moni, Christophe Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 70, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0056	journal	November 2006
Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context Smith, Pete European Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2003.08.002	journal	February 2004
I will survive: DNA protection in bacterial spores Setlow, Peter Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.004	journal	April 2007
Controlling factors for the stability of subsoil carbon in a Dystric Cambisol Wordell-Dietrich, Patrick; Don, Axel; Helfrich, Mirjam Geoderma, Vol. 304 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.08.023	journal	October 2017
Rice SST Variation Shapes the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community, Conferring Tolerance to Salt Stress through Regulating Soil Metabolites Lian, Tengxiang; Huang, Yingyong; Xie, Xianan mSystems, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00721-20	journal	December 2020
The “4 per 1000” initiative: A credibility issue for the soil science community? Baveye, Philippe C.; Berthelin, Jacques; Tessier, Daniel Geoderma, Vol. 309 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.05.005	journal	January 2018
Using the gradient method to determine soil gas flux: A review Maier, M.; Schack-Kirchner, H. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 192-193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.03.006	journal	July 2014
Bare Soil Carbon Dioxide Fluxes with Time and Depth Determined by High-Resolution Gradient-Based Measurements and Surface Chambers Xiao, X.; Kuang, X.; Sauer, T. J. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 79, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.02.0079	journal	July 2015
Genome-wide association mapping for root cone angle in rice Bettembourg, Mathilde; Dardou, Audrey; Audebert, Alain Rice, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-017-0184-z	journal	October 2017
Bicarbonate stimulates non‐structural carbohydrate pools of Camptotheca acuminata Rao, Sen; Wu, Yanyou; Wang, Rui Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 165, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12785	journal	August 2018
Climate change has likely already affected global food production Ray, Deepak K.; West, Paul C.; Clark, Michael PLOS ONE, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217148	journal	May 2019
Carbon dynamics in surface and deep soil in response to increasing litter addition rates in an agro-ecosystem Shahzad, Tanvir; Anwar, Faiza; Hussain, Sabir Geoderma, Vol. 333 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.018	journal	January 2019
Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply Fontaine, Sébastien; Barot, Sébastien; Barré, Pierre Nature, Vol. 450, Issue 7167 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06275	journal	November 2007
Massive carbon addition to an organic-rich Andosol increased the subsoil but not the topsoil carbon stock Zieger, Antonia; Kaiser, Klaus; Ríos Guayasamín, Pedro Biogeosciences, Vol. 15, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2743-2018	journal	January 2018
Simulating soil carbon sequestration from long term fertilizer and manure additions under continuous wheat using the DailyDayCent model Begum, K.; Kuhnert, M.; Yeluripati, J. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Vol. 109, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-017-9888-0	journal	October 2017

Similar Records

Deeply Rooted: Evaluating Plant Rooting Depth as a Means for Enhanced Soil Carbon Sequestration (Full Technical Report)

Technical Report · Wed Nov 03 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · OSTI ID:1870718

Nuccio, Erin E.

Deeply Rooted: Evaluating Plant Rooting Depth as a Means for Enhanced Soil Carbon Sequestration (Abbreviated Final Report)

Technical Report · Wed Nov 03 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · OSTI ID:1870718

Nuccio, Erin E.

Role of Biochar in Mitigation of Climate Change

Book · Thu Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2010 · OSTI ID:1870718

Lehmann, Johannes C; Amonette, James E; Roberts, Kelli G

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
58 GEOSCIENCES
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
chemical stabilization
greenhouse gas emissions
organic matter priming
physical protection
regenerative agriculture
subsoil carbon

Title: Deep-C storage: Biological, chemical and physical strategies to enhance carbon stocks in agricultural subsoils

Citation Formats

References (264)

Similar Records

Related Subjects