Nonlinear elastodynamic behavior of intact and fractured rock under in-situ stress and saturation conditions

Manogharan, Prabhakaran; Wood, Clay; Marone, Chris; Elsworth, Derek; Rivière, Jacques; Shokouhi, Parisa

doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104491

Title: Nonlinear elastodynamic behavior of intact and fractured rock under in-situ stress and saturation conditions

Journal Article · Sun May 16 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104491· OSTI ID:1870384

Manogharan, Prabhakaran ^[1]; Wood, Clay ^[1]; Marone, Chris ^[1]; Elsworth, Derek ^[1]; Rivière, Jacques ^[1]; Shokouhi, Parisa ^[1]

Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)

We probe mechanisms controlling the nonlinear elastodynamic response of intact and fractured rock under both fluid-saturated and dry conditions. We present the results of dynamic acoustoelastic testing (DAET) on Westerly granite in three states: dry-intact, dry-fractured and saturated-fractured to study the influence of in-situ stress, fracture and saturation state on nonlinear elastodynamic behavior. Each sample is tested at effective normal stresses from 10 to 20 MPa. Dynamic stresses of prescribed amplitudes (0.2 – 1.0 MPa) and frequencies (0.1, 1 and 10 Hz) are superimposed on the static stress field, while pulsed ultrasonic waves transit the sample and monitor stress-induced changes in wave velocity and spectral amplitude to infer sample's elastodynamic nonlinearity. Surprisingly, dry-intact rock exhibits higher nonlinearity than dry-fractured sample at all stress levels. We use numerical simulations to argue that the reduced nonlinearity is a result of the non-uniform strain field post fracture with highly strained regions on the fracture plane and weakly-strained regions in the surrounding host-rock, both leading to a nonlinearity reduction. In addition, we demonstrate that the saturated sample is less nonlinear than the dry intact except at 10 MPa normal stress, where the fracture is fairly open. The expected decrease in nonlinearity is due to increased fracture stiffness by the presence of fluid within the fracture interface. The reported in-situ measured nonlinear elastic properties along with their frequency dependencies will be of practical importance in predicting poromechanical properties of rock masses and will facilitate comparisons between the observations made in the laboratory and field scales.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0017585

OSTI ID:: 1870384

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1815063

Journal Information:: Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 153; ISSN 0022-5096

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (55)

Fundamentals of rock joint deformation Bandis, S. C.; Lumsden, A. C.; Barton, N. R. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(83)90595-8	journal	December 1983
Characterizing flow and transport in fractured geological media: A review Berkowitz, Brian Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 25, Issue 8-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00042-8	journal	August 2002
Postseismic Relaxation Along the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield from Continuous Seismological Observations Brenguier, F.; Campillo, M.; Hadziioannou, C. Science, Vol. 321, Issue 5895 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160943	journal	September 2008
Mapping pressurized volcanic fluids from induced crustal seismic velocity drops Brenguier, F.; Campillo, M.; Takeda, T. Science, Vol. 345, Issue 6192 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254073	journal	July 2014
Fluid flow through rock joints: The effect of surface roughness Brown, Stephen R. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue B2 https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB02p01337	journal	January 1987
Flow rate dictates permeability enhancement during fluid pressure oscillations in laboratory experiments: Dynamic permeability enhancement Candela, Thibault; Brodsky, Emily E.; Marone, Chris Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 120, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011511	journal	April 2015
Seismic waves increase permeability Elkhoury, Jean E.; Brodsky, Emily E.; Agnew, Duncan C. Nature, Vol. 441, Issue 7097 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04798	journal	June 2006
Laboratory observations of permeability enhancement by fluid pressure oscillation of in situ fractured rock Elkhoury, Jean E.; Niemeijer, André; Brodsky, Emily E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue B2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007759	journal	January 2011
Field observations of seismic velocity changes caused by shaking-induced damage and healing due to mesoscopic nonlinearity Gassenmeier, M.; Sens-Schönfelder, C.; Eulenfeld, T. Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 204, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv529	journal	January 2016
High-accuracy acoustic detection of nonclassical component of material nonlinearity Haupert, Sylvain; Renaud, Guillaume; Rivière, Jacques The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 130, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3641405	journal	November 2011
Memory, relaxation, and microfracturing in dilatant rock Holcomb, David J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 86, Issue B7 https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB07p06235	journal	July 1981
The mechanical properties of materials with interconnected cracks and pores Hudson, J. A.; Liu, E.; Crampin, S. Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 124, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06355.x	journal	January 1996
An integrated analytical and experimental study of contact acoustic nonlinearity at rough interfaces of fatigue cracks Jin, Jiang; Johnson, Paul; Shokouhi, Parisa Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2019.103769	journal	February 2020
Dynamic acousto-elastic response of single fatigue cracks with different microstructural features: An experimental investigation Jin, Jiang; Rivière, Jacques; Ohara, Yoshikazu Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5036531	journal	August 2018
Slow dynamics and anomalous nonlinear fast dynamics in diverse solids Johnson, Paul; Sutin, Alexander The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 117, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1823351	journal	January 2005
Inducing in situ, nonlinear soil response applying an active source Johnson, Paul A.; Bodin, Paul; Gomberg, Joan Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue B5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005832	journal	January 2009
Dynamic measurements of the nonlinear elastic parameter α in rock under varying conditions: NONLINEAR ELASTIC PARAMETER IN ROCK Johnson, Paul A.; Zinszner, Bernard; Rasolofosaon, Patrick Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 109, Issue B2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002038	journal	February 2004
Modeling adhesive contacts under mixed-mode loading Khajeh Salehani, M.; Irani, N.; Nicola, L. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2019.06.010	journal	September 2019
From local to global measurements of nonclassical nonlinear elastic effects in geomaterials Lott, Martin; Remillieux, Marcel C.; Le Bas, Pierre-Yves The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 140, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4962373	journal	September 2016
Near-surface weakening in Japan after the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: NEAR-SURFACE WEAKENING IN JAPAN Nakata, N.; Snieder, R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048800	journal	September 2011
Influence of macro-fractures and micro-fractures on permeability and elastic wave velocities in basalt at elevated pressure Nara, Yoshitaka; Meredith, Philip George; Yoneda, Tetsuro Tectonophysics, Vol. 503, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.027	journal	April 2011
Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site Niu, Fenglin; Silver, Paul G.; Daley, Thomas M. Nature, Vol. 454, Issue 7201 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07111	journal	July 2008
Nonequilibrium and nonlinear dynamics in Berea and Fontainebleau sandstones: Low-strain regime Pasqualini, Donatella; Heitmann, Katrin; TenCate, James A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue B1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004264	journal	January 2007
Transmission of seismic waves across single natural fractures Pyrak-Nolte, Laura J.; Myer, Larry R.; Cook, Neville G. W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue B6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08617	journal	January 1990
Approaching a universal scaling relationship between fracture stiffness and fluid flow Pyrak-Nolte, Laura J.; Nolte, David D. Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10663	journal	February 2016
Decoupling Nonclassical Nonlinear Behavior of Elastic Wave Types Remillieux, Marcel C.; Guyer, Robert A.; Payan, Cédric Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.115501	journal	March 2016
Dynamic acoustoelastic testing of weakly pre-loaded unconsolidated water-saturated glass beads Renaud, Guillaume; Callé, Samuel; Defontaine, Marielle The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 128, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3502461	journal	December 2010
Revealing highly complex elastic nonlinear (anelastic) behavior of Earth materials applying a new probe: Dynamic acoustoelastic testing: A NEW PROBE FOR ELASTICITY IN ROCKS Renaud, G.; Le Bas, P. -Y.; Johnson, P. A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 117, Issue B6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB009127	journal	June 2012
Anisotropy of dynamic acoustoelasticity in limestone, influence of conditioning, and comparison with nonlinear resonance spectroscopy Renaud, G.; Rivière, J.; Haupert, S. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 133, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4802909	journal	June 2013
In situ characterization of shallow elastic nonlinear parameters with Dynamic Acoustoelastic Testing Renaud, G.; Rivière, J.; Larmat, C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 119, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010625	journal	September 2014
Hysteretic nonlinear elasticity of Berea sandstone at low-vibrational strain revealed by dynamic acousto-elastic testing: LOW STRAIN HYSTERETIC ANELASTICITY Renaud, G.; Rivière, J.; Le Bas, P. -Y. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50150	journal	February 2013
Nonlinear elastodynamics in micro-inhomogeneous solids observed by head-wave based dynamic acoustoelastic testing Renaud, G.; Talmant, M.; Callé, S. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 130, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3652871	journal	December 2011
Microstrain-level measurement of third-order elastic constants applying dynamic acousto-elastic testing Renaud, Guillaume; Talmant, Maryline; Marrelec, Guillaume Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4963829	journal	October 2016
Harmonic generation at an unbonded interface—I. Planar interface between semi-infinite elastic media Richardson, John M. International Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7225(79)90008-9	journal	January 1979
Frequency, pressure, and strain dependence of nonlinear elasticity in Berea Sandstone Rivière, Jacques; Pimienta, Lucas; Scuderi, Marco Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068061	journal	April 2016
Dynamic Acousto-Elasticity in a Fatigue-Cracked Sample Rivière, J.; Remillieux, M. C.; Ohara, Y. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-014-0225-0	journal	January 2014
A set of measures for the systematic classification of the nonlinear elastic behavior of disparate rocks: RIVIÈRE ET AL. Rivière, Jacques; Shokouhi, Parisa; Guyer, Robert A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 120, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011718	journal	March 2015
Evidence for Widespread Nonlinear Strong Ground Motion in the MW 6.9 Loma Prieta Earthquake Rubinstein, J. L. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 94, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1785/012004009	journal	October 2004
Shear-induced dilatancy of fluid-saturated faults: Experiment and theory Samuelson, Jon; Elsworth, Derek; Marone, Chris Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue B12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006273	journal	January 2009
NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis Schneider, Caroline A.; Rasband, Wayne S.; Eliceiri, Kevin W. Nature Methods, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089	journal	June 2012
Asperity generation and its relationship to seismicity on a planar fault: a laboratory simulation Selvadurai, P. A.; Glaser, S. D. Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 208, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw439	journal	November 2016
Dynamic Stressing of Naturally Fractured Rocks: On the Relation Between Transient Changes in Permeability and Elastic Wave Velocity Shokouhi, Parisa; Jin, Jiang; Wood, Clay Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083557	journal	January 2020
Slow dynamics of consolidated granular systems: Multi-scale relaxation Shokouhi, Parisa; Rivière, Jacques; Guyer, Robert A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5010043	journal	December 2017
Dynamic acousto-elastic testing of concrete with a coda-wave probe: comparison with standard linear and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques Shokouhi, Parisa; Rivière, Jacques; Lake, Colton R. Ultrasonics, Vol. 81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2017.05.010	journal	November 2017
CAN: an example of nonclassical acoustic nonlinearity in solids Solodov, I. Yu.; Krohn, N.; Busse, G. Ultrasonics, Vol. 40, Issue 1-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-624X(02)00186-5	journal	May 2002
Slow dynamics in the nonlinear elastic response of Berea sandstone Ten Cate, James A.; Shankland, Thomas J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 23, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02884	journal	October 1996
The effect of crack orientation on the nonlinear interaction of a P wave with an S wave : MODULATION OF TenCate, J. A.; Malcolm, A. E.; Feng, X. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069219	journal	June 2016
Universal Slow Dynamics in Granular Solids TenCate, James A.; Smith, Eric; Guyer, Robert A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1020	journal	July 2000
Influence of water saturation on the nonlinear elastic mesoscopic response in Earth materials and the implications to the mechanism of nonlinearity Van Den Abeele, K. E. -A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107, Issue B6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000368	journal	January 2002
Multi-mode nonlinear resonance ultrasound spectroscopy for defect imaging: An analytical approach for the one-dimensional case Van Den Abeele, Koen The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 122, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2735807	journal	July 2007
Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy (NEWS) Techniques to Discern Material Damage, Part II: Single-Mode Nonlinear Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy Van Den Abeele, K. E. -A.; Carmeliet, J.; Ten Cate, J. A. Research in Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/09349840009409647	journal	January 2000
Sudden drop of seismic velocity after the 2004 M _w 6.6 mid-Niigata earthquake, Japan, observed with Passive Image Interferometry Wegler, U.; Nakahara, H.; Sens-Schönfelder, C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue B6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005869	journal	January 2009
Measurements of third‐order elastic constants in rocks Winkler, Kenneth W.; Liu, Xingzhou The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 100, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1121/1.415986	journal	September 1996
Nonlinear acoustoelastic constants of dry and saturated rocks: NONLINEAR ACOUSTOELASTIC CONSTANTS Winkler, Kenneth W.; McGowan, Larry Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 109, Issue B10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003262	journal	October 2004
Influence of change in physical state on elastic nonlinear response in rock: Significance of effective pressure and water saturation Zinszner, Bernard; Johnson, Paul A.; Rasolofosaon, Patrick N. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 102, Issue B4 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03225	journal	April 1997

Similar Records

Experimental Investigation of Elastodynamic Nonlinear Response of Dry Intact, Fractured and Saturated Rock

Journal Article · Sun Jul 18 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering · OSTI ID:1870384

Manogharan, Prabhakaran; Wood, Clay; Marone, Chris; +3 more

Imaging Elastodynamic and Hydraulic Properties of In Situ Fractured Rock: An Experimental Investigation Exploring Effects of Dynamic Stressing and Shearing

Journal Article · Sat Nov 13 00:00:00 EST 2021 · Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth · OSTI ID:1870384

Wood, Clay E.; Shokouhi, Parisa; Manogharan, Prabhakaran; +3 more

Effect of relative humidity on the nonlinear elastic response of granular media

Journal Article · Mon Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2022 · Journal of Applied Physics · OSTI ID:1870384

Gao, Linying; Shokouhi, Parisa; Rivière, Jacques

Related Subjects

58 GEOSCIENCES
42 ENGINEERING
Nonlinear elastodynamic response
Contact acoustic nonlinearity
Fracture Mechanics
Dynamic acousto-elastic testing.

Title: Nonlinear elastodynamic behavior of intact and fractured rock under in-situ stress and saturation conditions

Citation Formats

References (55)

Similar Records

Related Subjects