Increased abundance of a common scavenger affects allocation of carrion but not efficiency of carcass removal in the Fukushima Exclusion Zone

Gerke, Hannah C.; Hinton, Thomas G.; Okuda, Kei; Beasley, James C.

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12921-y

Increased abundance of a common scavenger affects allocation of carrion but not efficiency of carcass removal in the Fukushima Exclusion Zone

Journal Article · Thu May 26 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Scientific Reports

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12921-y· OSTI ID:1870032

Gerke, Hannah C.; Hinton, Thomas G.; Okuda, Kei; Beasley, James C.

Abstract

The 2011 nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan caused the evacuation of > 100,000 people and prompted studies on environmental impacts of radiological contamination. However, few researchers have explored how the human evacuation has affected ecosystem processes. Despite contamination, one common scavenger (wild boar, Sus scrofa ) is 2–3× more abundant inside the Fukushima Exclusion Zone (FEZ). Shifts in abundance of some scavenger species can have cascading effects on ecosystems, so our objective was to investigate impacts of the evacuation and the resulting increase in wild boar on vertebrate scavenger communities. We deployed cameras at 300 carcasses in the FEZ and a nearby inhabited area, and quantified carcass fate, scavenger species, and detection/persistence times. We also tested effects of carcass size and habitat on scavenger community composition and efficiency by balancing trials across two carcass sizes and habitats in each zone. Overall scavenger richness and carcass removal rates (73%) were similar in the FEZ and inhabited area, but species-specific carcass removal rates and occurrence differed between zones. Wild boar removed substantially more carcasses inside the FEZ, with implications for nutrient and contaminant distribution. Our results suggest carcass size affects scavenging dynamics more than human activity or habitat, and abundance changes of common scavengers can influence carrion resource allocation.

View Journal Article

Research Organization:: Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: EM0004391; EM0005228

OSTI ID:: 1870032

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1894930

Journal Information:: Scientific Reports, Journal Name: Scientific Reports Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 12; ISSN 2045-2322

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

References (79)

Ecological role of vertebrate scavengers in urban ecosystems in the UK Inger, Richard; Cox, Daniel T. C.; Per, Esra Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 6, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2414	journal	September 2016
Effects of vulture exclusion on carrion consumption by facultative scavengers Hill, Jacob E.; DeVault, Travis L.; Beasley, James C. Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3840	journal	February 2018
Vertebrate scavenger guild composition and utilization of carrion in an East Asian temperate forest Inagaki, Akino; Allen, Maximilian L.; Maruyama, Tetsuya Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5976	journal	January 2020
Monitoring the dead as an ecosystem indicator Newsome, Thomas M.; Barton, Brandon; Buck, Julia C. Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7542	journal	May 2021
Carcasses of invasive species are predominantly utilized by invasive scavengers in an island ecosystem Abernethy, Erin F.; Turner, Kelsey L.; Beasley, James C. Ecosphere, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1496	journal	October 2016
Scavenging along an ecological interface: utilization of amphibian and reptile carcasses around isolated wetlands Abernethy, Erin F.; Turner, Kelsey L.; Beasley, James C. Ecosphere, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1989	journal	November 2017
Scavenger removal of bird carcasses at simulated wind turbines: Does carcass type matter? DeVault, Travis L.; Seamans, Thomas W.; Linnell, Kimberly E. Ecosphere, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1994	journal	November 2017
Abiotic and biotic factors modulate carrion fate and vertebrate scavenging communities Turner, Kelsey L.; Abernethy, Erin F.; Conner, L. Mike Ecology, Vol. 98, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1930	journal	September 2017
Functional traits driving species role in the structure of terrestrial vertebrate scavenger networks Sebastián‐González, Esther; Morales‐Reyes, Zebensui; Botella, Francisco Ecology, Vol. 102, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3519	journal	September 2021
Where the wild things are: influence of radiation on the distribution of four mammalian species within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Webster, Sarah C.; Byrne, Michael E.; Lance, Stacey L. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1227	journal	April 2016
Anthropogenic mortality in mammals increases with the human footprint Hill, Jacob E.; DeVault, Travis L.; Wang, Guiming Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2127	journal	November 2019
Rewilding of Fukushima's human evacuation zone Lyons, Phillip C.; Okuda, Kei; Hamilton, Matthew T. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 18, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2149	journal	April 2020
Human disturbance affects latrine‐use patterns of raccoon dogs Tsunoda, Marie; Kaneko, Yayoi; Sako, Takako The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 83, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21610	journal	December 2018
Identification of vertebrate scavengers of small mammal carcasses in a forested landscape DeVault, Travis L.; Rhodes, Olin E. Acta Theriologica, Vol. 47, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03192458	journal	June 2002
Differences in the activity pattern of the wild boar Sus scrofa related to human disturbance Ohashi, Haruka; Saito, Masae; Horie, Reiko European Journal of Wildlife Research, Vol. 59, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-012-0661-z	journal	September 2012
Effects of vehicle-passing frequency on forest roads on the activity patterns of carnivores Watabe, Ryoga; Saito, Masayuki U. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-020-00434-7	journal	January 2021
The diet of feral raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and native badger (Meles meles) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Denmark Elmeros, Morten; Mikkelsen, Dorthe Malene Götz; Nørgaard, Louise Solveig Mammal Research, Vol. 63, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-018-0372-2	journal	April 2018
A cat in paradise: hunting and feeding behaviour of Eurasian lynx among abundant naive prey Duľa, Martin; Krofel, Miha Mammalian Biology, Vol. 100, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00070-6	journal	September 2020
Not avian but mammalian scavengers efficiently consume carcasses under heavy snowfall conditions: a case from northern Japan Enari, Hiroto; Enari, Haruka S. Mammalian Biology, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00097-9	journal	January 2021
Factors affecting decomposition and Diptera colonization Campobasso, Carlo Pietro; Di Vella, Giancarlo; Introna, Francesco Forensic Science International, Vol. 120, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00411-X	journal	August 2001
Spatio-temporal segregation of facultative avian scavengers at ungulate carcasses Blázquez, Miguel; Sánchez-Zapata, José A.; Botella, Francisco Acta Oecologica, Vol. 35, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2009.06.002	journal	September 2009
Scavenging efficiency and red fox abundance in Mediterranean mountains with and without vultures Morales-Reyes, Zebensui; Sánchez-Zapata, José A.; Sebastián-González, Esther Acta Oecologica, Vol. 79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2016.12.012	journal	February 2017
Mesopredators dominate competition for carrion in an agricultural landscape DeVault, Travis L.; Olson, Zachary H.; Beasley, James C. Basic and Applied Ecology, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2011.02.008	journal	May 2011
Habitat characteristics from local to landscape scales combine to shape vertebrate scavenging communities Pardo-Barquín, Elena; Mateo-Tomás, Patricia; Olea, Pedro P. Basic and Applied Ecology, Vol. 34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2018.08.005	journal	February 2019
Differential responses of scavenging arthropods and vertebrates to forest loss maintain ecosystem function in a heterogeneous landscape Sugiura, Shinji; Tanaka, Ryusei; Taki, Hisatomo Biological Conservation, Vol. 159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.11.003	journal	March 2013
The avian scavenger crisis: Looming extinctions, trophic cascades, and loss of critical ecosystem functions Buechley, Evan R.; Şekercioğlu, Çağan H. Biological Conservation, Vol. 198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.001	journal	June 2016
Long-term census data reveal abundant wildlife populations at Chernobyl Deryabina, T. G.; Kuchmel, S. V.; Nagorskaya, L. L. Current Biology, Vol. 25, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.017	journal	October 2015
Efficiency and composition of vertebrate scavengers at the land-water interface in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Schlichting, Peter E.; Love, Cara N.; Webster, Sarah C. Food Webs, Vol. 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00107	journal	March 2019
Temporal decrease in air dose rate in the sub-urban area affected by the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident during four years after decontamination works Nakama, Shigeo; Yoshimura, Kazuya; Fujiwara, Kenso Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 208-209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106013	journal	November 2019
Effects of 137Cs contamination after the TEPCO Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station accident on food and habitat of wild boar in Fukushima Prefecture Nemoto, Yui; Oomachi, Hitoshi; Saito, Rie Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106342	journal	December 2020
Urbanisation alters processing of marine carrion on sandy beaches Huijbers, Chantal M.; Schlacher, Thomas A.; Schoeman, Dave S. Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.06.004	journal	November 2013
Impact of wild boars on the feeding behavior of smaller frugivorous mammals Osugi, Shigeru; Trentin, Bruna Elisa; Koike, Shinsuke Mammalian Biology, Vol. 97 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2019.03.013	journal	July 2019
Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts Steinhauser, Georg; Brandl, Alexander; Johnson, Thomas E. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 470-471 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029	journal	February 2014
Scavenging: how carnivores and carrion structure communities Wilson, Erin E.; Wolkovich, Elizabeth M. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 26, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.12.011	journal	March 2011
Diet of free-ranging domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in rural Zimbabwe: implications for wild scavengers on the periphery of wildlife reserves Butler, J. R. A.; du Toit, J. T. Animal Conservation, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1017/s136794300200104x	journal	February 2002
Scavenging by vertebrates: behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems DeVault, Travis L.; Rhodes, Jr., Olin E.; Shivik, John A. Oikos, Vol. 102, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12378.x	journal	August 2003
Spatial complexity of carcass location influences vertebrate scavenger efficiency and species composition Smith, Joshua B.; Laatsch, Lauren J.; Beasley, James C. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10046-1	journal	August 2017
Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model Rakita, Ana; Nikolić, Nenad; Mildner, Michael Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56847-4	journal	January 2020
Factors influencing scavenger guilds and scavenging efficiency in Southwestern Montana Walker, Morgan A.; Uribasterra, Maria; Asher, Valpa Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83426-3	journal	February 2021
Land cover changes induced by the great east Japan earthquake in 2011 Ishihara, Mitsunori; Tadono, Takeo Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45769	journal	March 2017
Species functional redundancy, random extinctions and the stability of ecosystems: Functional redundancy and extinction Fonseca, Carlos Roberto; Ganade, Gislene Journal of Ecology, Vol. 89, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00528.x	journal	February 2001
Camera-trapping as a methodology to assess the persistence of wildlife carcasses resulting from collisions with human-made structures Paula, João J. S.; Bispo, Regina M. B.; Leite, Andreia H. Wildlife Research, Vol. 41, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR14063	journal	January 2014
Scavenging on European bison carcasses in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (eastern Poland) Selva, Nuria; Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz Écoscience, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2003.11682778	journal	January 2003
Satellite-based detection of evacuation-induced land cover changes following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Sekizawa, Ryo; Ichii, Kazuhito; Kondo, Masayuki Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1080/2150704X.2015.1076207	journal	September 2015
The Comparative Effects of Large Carnivores on the Acquisition of Carrion by Scavengers Allen, Maximilian L.; Elbroch, L. Mark; Wilmers, Christopher C. The American Naturalist, Vol. 185, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/681004	journal	June 2015
Kleptoparasitism and Scavenging Can Stabilize Ecosystem Dynamics Focardi, Stefano; Materassi, Massimo; Innocenti, Giacomo The American Naturalist, Vol. 190, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1086/692798	journal	September 2017
Functional identity and diversity of animals predict ecosystem functioning better than species-based indices Gagic, Vesna; Bartomeus, Ignasi; Jonsson, Tomas Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 282, Issue 1801 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2620	journal	February 2015
Introgression dynamics from invasive pigs into wild boar following the March 2011 natural and anthropogenic disasters at Fukushima Anderson, Donovan; Negishi, Yuki; Ishiniwa, Hiroko Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 288, Issue 1953 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0874	journal	June 2021
Large home range scavengers support higher rates of carcass removal Gutiérrez‐Cánovas, Cayetano; Moleón, Marcos; Mateo‐Tomás, Patricia Functional Ecology, Vol. 34, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13619	journal	July 2020
An Experimental Study of Vertebrate Scavenging Behavior in a Northwest European Woodland Context Young, Alexandria; Stillman, Richard; Smith, Martin J. Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 59, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12468	journal	March 2014
How do predators and scavengers locate resource hotspots within a tropical forest? Natusch, Daniel J. D.; Lyons, Jessica A.; Shine, Richard Austral Ecology, Vol. 42, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12492	journal	April 2017
Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change: Response diversity and ecosystem resilience Mori, Akira S.; Furukawa, Takuya; Sasaki, Takehiro Biological Reviews, Vol. 88, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12004	journal	December 2012
Inter-specific interactions linking predation and scavenging in terrestrial vertebrate assemblages: Linking predation and scavenging Moleón, Marcos; Sánchez-Zapata, José A.; Selva, Nuria Biological Reviews, Vol. 89, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12097	journal	March 2014
Limited functional redundancy in vertebrate scavenger guilds fails to compensate for the loss of raptors from urbanized sandy beaches Huijbers, Chantal M.; Schlacher, Thomas A.; Schoeman, David S. Diversity and Distributions, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12282	journal	September 2014
A recipe for scavenging in vertebrates - the natural history of a behaviour Kane, Adam; Healy, Kevin; Guillerme, Thomas Ecography, Vol. 40, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02817	journal	December 2016
Functional compensation by insular scavengers: the relative contributions of vertebrates and invertebrates vary among islands Sugiura, Shinji; Hayashi, Masakazu Ecography, Vol. 41, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03226	journal	November 2017
Species and individual replacements contribute more than nestedness to shape vertebrate scavenger metacommunities Mateo‐Tomás, Patricia; Olea, Pedro P.; Selva, Nuria Ecography, Vol. 42, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03854	journal	August 2018
Network structure of vertebrate scavenger assemblages at the global scale: drivers and ecosystem functioning implications Sebastián‐González, Esther; Morales‐Reyes, Zebensui; Botella, Francisco Ecography, Vol. 43, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05083	journal	May 2020
Abundance of common species, not species richness, drives delivery of a real-world ecosystem service Winfree, Rachael; W. Fox, Jeremy; Williams, Neal M. Ecology Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12424	journal	May 2015
Scavenging in the Anthropocene: Human impact drives vertebrate scavenger species richness at a global scale Sebastián‐González, Esther; Barbosa, Jomar Magalhães; Pérez‐García, Juan M. Global Change Biology, Vol. 25, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14708	journal	May 2019
Predicted climate‐induced reductions in scavenging in eastern North America Marneweck, Courtney J.; Katzner, Todd E.; Jachowski, David S. Global Change Biology, Vol. 27, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15653	journal	May 2021
Both rare and common species support ecosystem services in scavenger communities Mateo-Tomás, Patricia; Olea, Pedro P.; Moleón, Marcos Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 26, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12673	journal	November 2017
Functional identity is more important than diversity in influencing ecosystem processes in a temperate native grassland: Determinants of ecosystem processes Mokany, Karel; Ash, Julian; Roxburgh, Stephen Journal of Ecology, Vol. 96, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01395.x	journal	May 2008
Does Weather or Site Characteristics Influence the Ability of Scavengers to Locate Food?: Scavenger Foraging Ruzicka, Rebekah E.; Conover, Michael R. Ethology, Vol. 118, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01997.x	journal	December 2011
Effects of Vulture Declines on Facultative Scavengers and Potential Implications for Mammalian Disease Transmission Ogada, D. L.; Torchin, M. E.; Kinnaird, M. F. Conservation Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01827.x	journal	March 2012
Scavenger community response to the removal of a dominant scavenger Olson, Z. H.; Beasley, J. C.; DeVault, T. L. Oikos, Vol. 121, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19771.x	journal	May 2011
Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide: Worldwide decline of vultures Ogada, Darcy L.; Keesing, Felicia; Virani, Munir Z. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1249, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06293.x	journal	December 2011
Carcass size shapes the structure and functioning of an African scavenging assemblage Moleón, Marcos; Sánchez-Zapata, José A.; Sebastián-González, Esther Oikos, Vol. 124, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.02222	journal	February 2015
Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D. Science Advances, Vol. 1, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253	journal	June 2015
The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality Gaynor, Kaitlyn M.; Hojnowski, Cheryl E.; Carter, Neil H. Science, Vol. 360, Issue 6394 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7121	journal	June 2018
Factors influencing the acquisition of rodent carrion by vertebrate scavengers and decomposers DeVault, Travis L.; Brisbin, Jr., I. Lehr; Rhodes, Jr., Olin E. Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 82, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1139/z04-022	journal	March 2004
Factors affecting carcass use by a guild of scavengers in European temperate woodland Selva, N.; Jędrzejewska, B.; Jędrzejewski, W. Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 83, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1139/z05-158	journal	December 2005
Distribution of Wild Mammal Assemblages along an Urban–Rural–Forest Landscape Gradient in Warm-Temperate East Asia Saito, Masayuki; Koike, Fumito PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065464	journal	May 2013
Carcass Type Affects Local Scavenger Guilds More than Habitat Connectivity Olson, Zachary H.; Beasley, James C.; Rhodes, Olin E. PLOS ONE, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147798	journal	February 2016
Scavenging by Snakes: an Examination of the Literature DeVault, Travis L.; Krochmal, Aaron R. Herpetologica, Vol. 58, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1655/0018-0831(2002)058[0429:SBSAEO]2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2002
Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4 Bates, Douglas; Mächler, Martin; Bolker, Ben Journal of Statistical Software, Vol. 67, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01	journal	January 2015
Ontogenetic Shifts in Carrion Attractiveness to Brown Tree Snakes (Boiga irregularis) Shivik, John A.; Clark, Larry Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/1565737	journal	June 1999
Dietary Overlap Among Two Introduced and One Native Sympatric Carnivore Species, the Raccoon, the Masked Palm Civet, and the Raccoon Dog, in Chiba Prefecture, Japan Matsuo, Rika; Ochiai, Keiji Mammal Study, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3106/041.034.0402	journal	December 2009
Predation and Scavenging in the City: A Review of Spatio-Temporal Trends in Research Luna, Álvaro; Romero-Vidal, Pedro; Arrondo, Eneko Diversity, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020046	journal	January 2021

Similar Records

Carcass appearance does not influence scavenger avoidance of carnivore carrion

Journal Article · Sun Nov 06 19:00:00 EST 2022 · Scientific Reports · OSTI ID:1897321

Related Subjects

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Community ecology
Ecology
Ecosystem services

Increased abundance of a common scavenger affects allocation of carrion but not efficiency of carcass removal in the Fukushima Exclusion Zone

Citation Formats

References (79)

Similar Records

Related Subjects