Thermal confinement and transport in spherical tokamaks: a review

Kaye, Stanley M.; Connor, Jack W.; Roach, Colin M.

doi:10.1088/1361-6587/ac2b38

Thermal confinement and transport in spherical tokamaks: a review

Journal Article · Wed Nov 17 00:00:00 UTC 2021 · Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac2b38· OSTI ID:1869941

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Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)
Culham Science Centre, Abingdon (United Kingdom). Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE); Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London (United Kingdom)
Culham Science Centre, Abingdon (United Kingdom). Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE)

Here, we review the thermal plasma confinement and transport properties observed and predicted in low aspect ratio tokamaks, or spherical tokamaks (STs), which can depart significantly from those observed at higher aspect ratio. In particular, thermal energy confinement scalings show a strong, near linear dependence of energy confinement time on toroidal magnetic field, while the dependence on plasma current is more modest, the opposite of what is seen at higher aspect ratio. STs have revealed a very strong improvement in normalized confinement with decreasing collisionality, much stronger than at higher aspect ratio, which bodes well for an ST-based fusion pilot plant should this trend continue at an even lower collisionality than has already been accessed. These differences arise because of fundamental differences in transport in STs due to the more extreme toroidicity (i.e. reduced region of bad curvature), and to the relatively larger $$E_r \times B$$ shearing rates, both of which can suppress electrostatic drift wave instabilities at both ion and electron gyroradius scales. In addition, electromagnetic effects are much stronger in STs because they operate at high β_T. Gyrokinetic (GK) studies, coupled with low- and high-k turbulence measurements, have shed light on the underlying physics controlling transport. At lower β_T, both ion- and electron-scale electrostatic drift turbulence may be responsible for transport. At higher β_T, microtearing, kinetic ballooning, and hybrid trapped electron/kinetic ballooning modes increasingly play a role, and they have a much stronger impact in the core of ST plasmas than at higher aspect ratio. Flow shear affects the balance between ion- and electron-scale modes. Non-linear GK simulations find regimes where the electron heat flux decreases with decreasing collisionality, consistent with the experimental global normalized confinement scaling. The ST is unique in that the relatively low toroidal magnetic field allows for localized measurements of electron-scale turbulence, and this coupled with turbulence measurements at ion-scales has facilitated detailed comparisons with GK simulations. These data have provided compelling evidence for the presence of ion temperature gradient and electron temperature gradient turbulence in some plasmas, and direct experimental support for the impact of experimental actuators like rotation shear, density gradient and magnetic shear on turbulence and transport.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC); USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-09CH11466

OSTI ID:: 1869941

Journal Information:: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Journal Name: Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Journal Issue: 12 Vol. 63; ISSN 0741-3335

Publisher:: IOP ScienceCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Scaling of H-mode energy confinement with I _p and B _T in the MAST spherical tokamak Valovič, M.; Akers, R.; Cunningham, G. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 49, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/49/7/075016	journal	June 2009
Overview of L–H power threshold studies in NSTX Maingi, R.; Kaye, S. M.; Bell, R. E. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 50, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/50/6/064010	journal	May 2010
Anomalous electron transport due to multiple high frequency beam ion driven Alfvén eigenmodes Gorelenkov, N. N.; Stutman, D.; Tritz, K. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 50, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/50/8/084012	journal	July 2010
Prospects for pilot plants based on the tokamak, spherical tokamak and stellarator Menard, J. E.; Bromberg, L.; Brown, T. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/10/103014	journal	August 2011
L–H threshold studies in NSTX Kaye, S. M.; Maingi, R.; Battaglia, D. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/11/113019	journal	October 2011
Plasma rotation and transport in MAST spherical tokamak Field, A. R.; Michael, C.; Akers, R. J. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063006	journal	April 2011
Recent progress towards an advanced spherical torus operating point in NSTX Gerhardt, S. P.; Gates, D. A.; Kaye, S. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/7/073031	journal	June 2011
Collisionality and safety factor scalings of H-mode energy transport in the MAST spherical tokamak Valovič, M.; Akers, R.; de Bock, M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/7/073045	journal	June 2011
Overview of physics results from MAST Lloyd, B.; Akers, R. J.; Alladio, F. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/9/094013	journal	August 2011
A new model of the L–H transition in tokamaks Fundamenski, W.; Militello, F.; Moulton, D. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 52, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/52/6/062003	journal	April 2012
The effect of progressively increasing lithium coatings on plasma discharge characteristics, transport, edge profiles and ELM stability in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Maingi, R.; Boyle, D. P.; Canik, J. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 52, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/52/8/083001	journal	June 2012
Overview of the physics and engineering design of NSTX upgrade Menard, J. E.; Gerhardt, S.; Bell, M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 52, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/52/8/083015	journal	July 2012
Overview of physics results from the conclusive operation of the National Spherical Torus Experiment Sabbagh, S. A.; Ahn, J. -W.; Allain, J. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104007	journal	September 2013
Edge microstability of NSTX plasmas without and with lithium-coated plasma-facing components Canik, J. M.; Guttenfelder, W.; Maingi, R. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/11/113016	journal	September 2013
Dependence of the L–H transition on X-point geometry and divertor recycling on NSTX Battaglia, D. J.; Chang, C. S.; Kaye, S. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/11/113032	journal	October 2013
The dependence of H-mode energy confinement and transport on collisionality in NSTX Kaye, S. M.; Gerhardt, S.; Guttenfelder, W. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/6/063005	journal	April 2013
Intrinsic rotation generation in NSTX ohmic H-mode plasmas Park, Jong-Kyu; Bell, Ronald E.; Kaye, Stanley M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/6/063012	journal	May 2013
Core transport of lithium and carbon in ELM-free discharges with lithium wall conditioning in NSTX Scotti, F.; Soukhanovskii, V. A.; Bell, R. E. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/8/083001	journal	July 2013
Progress in simulating turbulent electron thermal transport in NSTX Guttenfelder, W.; Peterson, J. L.; Candy, J. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/9/093022	journal	August 2013
Progress in understanding the enhanced pedestal H-mode in NSTX Gerhardt, S. P.; Canik, J. M.; Maingi, R. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/54/8/083021	journal	June 2014
Neoclassical and gyrokinetic analysis of time-dependent helium transport experiments on MAST Henderson, S. S.; Garzotti, L.; Casson, F. J. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/54/9/093013	journal	August 2014
Distinct turbulence sources and confinement features in the spherical tokamak plasma regime Wang, W. X.; Ethier, S.; Ren, Y. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/12/122001	journal	October 2015
Dependence of intrinsic rotation reversals on collisionality in MAST Hillesheim, J. C.; Parra, F. I.; Barnes, M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/3/032003	journal	February 2015
On the power and size of tokamak fusion pilot plants and reactors Costley, A. E.; Hugill, J.; Buxton, P. F. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/3/033001	journal	January 2015
Doppler backscattering for spherical tokamaks and measurement of high- k density fluctuation wavenumber spectrum in MAST Hillesheim, J. C.; Crocker, N. A.; Peebles, W. A. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/7/073024	journal	June 2015
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Global and local energy confinement properties of simple transport coefficients of the Bohm type Taroni, A.; Erba, M.; Springmann, E. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 36, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/36/10/003	journal	October 1994
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Enhanced performance in the START tokamak Carolan, P. G.; Akers, R. J.; Appel, L. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 40, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/40/5/009	journal	May 1998
H-mode plasmas in the MAST spherical tokamak Field, A. R.; Carolan, P. G.; Akers, R. J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 44, Issue 5A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/5A/307	journal	April 2002
Progress of the international H-mode power threshold database activity Ryter, F.; Group, the H-mode Threshold Database Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 44, Issue 5A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/5A/345	journal	April 2002
Boundary plasma and divertor phenomena in MAST Counsell, G. F.; Kirk, A.; Ahn, J-W Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 44, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/6/314	journal	May 2002
Density limits in toroidal plasmas Greenwald, Martin Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 44, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/8/201	journal	July 2002
Transport and confinement in the Mega Ampère Spherical Tokamak (MAST) plasma Akers, R. J.; Ahn, J. W.; Antar, G. Y. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 45, Issue 12A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/45/12A/013	journal	November 2003
Roles of aspect ratio, absolute B and effective Z of the H-mode power threshold in tokamaks of the ITPA database Takizuka, ITPA H-mode Power Threshold Databas Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 46, Issue 5A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/46/5A/024	journal	April 2004
Formation of transport barriers in the MAST spherical tokamak Meyer, H.; Field, A. R.; Akers, R. J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 46, Issue 5A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/46/5A/032	journal	April 2004
Effect of gas fuelling location on H-mode access in NSTX Maingi, R.; Chang, C. S.; Ku, Seunghoe Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 46, Issue 5A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/46/5A/034	journal	April 2004
Edge plasma electrostatic fluctuation and anomalous transport characteristics in the Sino-united spherical tokamak Wang, W. H.; He, Y. X.; Gao, Z. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/1/001	journal	December 2004
A component test facility based on the spherical tokamak Peng, Y-K M.; Fogarty, P. J.; Burgess, T. W. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 47, Issue 12B https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/12B/S20	journal	November 2005
Microstability physics as illuminated in the spherical tokamak Roach, C. M.; Applegate, D. J.; Connor, J. W. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 47, Issue 12B https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/12B/S23	journal	November 2005
Electron temperature gradient driven transport in a MAST H-mode plasma Joiner, N.; Applegate, D.; Cowley, S. C. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 48, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/48/5/013	journal	April 2006
The role of aspect ratio and beta in H-mode confinement scalings Kaye, S. M.; Valovic, M.; Chudnovskiy, A. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 48, Issue 5A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/48/5A/S44	journal	April 2006
The physics of sawtooth stabilization Chapman, I. T.; Pinches, S. D.; Graves, J. P. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 49, Issue 12B https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/49/12B/S35	journal	November 2007
Micro-tearing modes in the mega ampere spherical tokamak Applegate, D. J.; Roach, C. M.; Connor, J. W. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 49, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/49/8/001	journal	July 2007
Analysis of pressure profiles and transport simulations of MAST discharges Dnestrovskij, Yu N.; Connor, J. W.; Cherkasov, S. V. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 49, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/49/9/009	journal	August 2007
Effects of impurities on electron temperature gradient modes Reshko, M.; Roach, C. M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 50, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/50/11/115002	journal	September 2008
Application of dimensionless parameter scaling techniques to the design and interpretation of magnetic fusion experiments Luce, T. C.; Petty, C. C.; Cordey, J. G. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 50, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/50/4/043001	journal	March 2008
Kinetic calculation of neoclassical transport including self-consistent electron and impurity dynamics Belli, E. A.; Candy, J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 50, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/50/9/095010	journal	July 2008
Gyrokinetic simulations of spherical tokamaks Roach, C. M.; Abel, I. G.; Akers, R. J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/51/12/124020	journal	November 2009
Towards the construction of a model to describe the inter-ELM evolution of the pedestal on MAST Dickinson, D.; Saarelma, S.; Scannell, R. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/11/115010	journal	October 2011
Identification of microtearing modes below the ion gyroscale in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Smith, D. R.; Guttenfelder, W.; LeBlanc, B. P. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/3/035013	journal	January 2011
Canonical profiles and transport model for the toroidal rotation in tokamaks Dnestrovskij, Yu N.; Andreev, V. F.; Cherkasov, S. V. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/8/085025	journal	June 2011
Full linearized Fokker–Planck collisions in neoclassical transport simulations Belli, E. A.; Candy, J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/54/1/015015	journal	December 2011
Subcritical fluctuations and suppression of turbulence in differentially rotating gyrokinetic plasmas Schekochihin, A. A.; Highcock, E. G.; Cowley, S. C. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/54/5/055011	journal	April 2012
Global gyrokinetic turbulence simulations of MAST plasmas Saarelma, S.; Hill, P.; Bottino, A. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/54/8/085012	journal	July 2012
Microtearing modes at the top of the pedestal Dickinson, D.; Roach, C. M.; Saarelma, S. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/55/7/074006	journal	June 2013
Comparison of BES measurements of ion-scale turbulence with direct gyro-kinetic simulations of MAST L-mode plasmas Field, A. R.; Dunai, D.; Ghim, Y-c Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 56, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/56/2/025012	journal	January 2014
Microstability analysis of pellet fuelled discharges in MAST Garzotti, L.; Figueiredo, J.; Roach, C. M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 56, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/56/3/035004	journal	February 2014
Intrinsic rotation in tokamaks: theory Parra, Felix I.; Barnes, Michael Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/57/4/045002	journal	March 2015
Impact of resonant magnetic perturbations on the L-H transition on MAST Scannell, R.; Kirk, A.; Carr, M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/57/7/075013	journal	June 2015
Charge dependence of neoclassical and turbulent transport of light impurities on MAST Henderson, S. S.; Garzotti, L.; Casson, F. J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/57/9/095001	journal	July 2015
Design Features and Commissioning of the Versatile Experiment Spherical Torus (VEST) at Seoul National University Chung, K. J.; An, Y. H.; Jung, B. K. Plasma Science and Technology, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/15/3/11	journal	March 2013
Experimental determination of the correlation properties of plasma turbulence using 2D BES systems Fox, M. F. J.; Field, A. R.; Wyk, F. van Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aa51fd	journal	February 2017
Symmetry breaking in MAST plasma turbulence due to toroidal flow shear Fox, M. F. J.; Wyk, F. van; Field, A. R. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aa544b	journal	January 2017
Scaling of energy confinement time in the Globus-M spherical tokamak Kurskiev, G. S.; Gusev, V. K.; Sakharov, N. V. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aa5cd5	journal	March 2017
Collisionality scaling of the electron heat flux in ETG turbulence Colyer, G. J.; Schekochihin, A. A.; Parra, F. I. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aa5f75	journal	March 2017
Ion-scale turbulence in MAST: anomalous transport, subcritical transitions, and comparison to BES measurements van Wyk, F.; Highcock, E. G.; Field, A. R. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aa8484	journal	September 2017
On the energy confinement time in spherical tokamaks: implications for the design of pilot plants and fusion reactors Buxton, P. F.; Connor, J. W.; Costley, A. E. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aaf7e5	journal	January 2019
On the confinement modeling of a high field spherical tokamak ST40 Dnestrovskij, A. Yu; Connor, J. W.; Gryaznevich, M. P. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ab0bf8	journal	April 2019
Validation of gyrokinetic simulations of a National Spherical Torus eXperiment H-mode plasma and comparisons with a high- k scattering synthetic diagnostic Ruiz, J. Ruiz; Guttenfelder, W.; White, A. E. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ab4742	journal	October 2019
Ion heat transport study in the Globus-M spherical tokamak Telnova, A. Yu; Kurskiev, G. S.; Miroshnikov, I. V. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ab6da5	journal	February 2020
Fusion performance of spherical and conventional tokamaks: implications for compact pilot plants and reactors Costley, A. E.; McNamara, S. A. M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 63, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abcdfc	journal	January 2021
The role of turbulence–flow interactions in L- to H-mode transition dynamics: recent progress Schmitz, L. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/57/2/025003	journal	January 2017
Recent progress in understanding electron thermal transport in NSTX Ren, Y.; Belova, E.; Gorelenkov, N. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa4fba	journal	March 2017
Overview of NSTX Upgrade initial results and modelling highlights Menard, J. E.; Allain, J. P.; Battaglia, D. J. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 10, Article No. 102006 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa600a	journal	June 2017
Perturbative momentum transport in MAST L-mode plasmas Guttenfelder, W.; Field, A. R.; Lupelli, I. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa6501	journal	March 2017
Energy exchange dynamics across L–H transitions in NSTX Diallo, A.; Banerjee, S.; Zweben, S. J. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa6a24	journal	May 2017
Robust scaling laws for energy confinement time, including radiated fraction, in Tokamaks Murari, A.; Peluso, E.; Gaudio, P. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa7bb4	journal	September 2017
Compact fusion energy based on the spherical tokamak Sykes, A.; Costley, A. E.; Windsor, C. G. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa8c8d	journal	November 2017
Density perturbation mode structure of high frequency compressional and global Alfvén eigenmodes in the National Spherical Torus Experiment using a novel reflectometer analysis technique Crocker, N. A.; Kubota, S.; Peebles, W. A. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa953e	journal	December 2017
Scenario development during commissioning operations on the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade Battaglia, D. J.; Boyer, M. D.; Gerhardt, S. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aaa6e0	journal	February 2018
Global Alfvén eigenmode scaling and suppression: experiment and theory Fredrickson, E. D.; Belova, E. V.; Gorelenkov, N. N. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aac64c	journal	June 2018
The effect of increasing toroidal magnetic field in the Globus-M spherical tokamak Bakharev, N. N.; Bulanin, V. V.; Chernyshev, F. V. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aae60d	journal	October 2018
NSTX/NSTX-U theory, modeling and analysis results Kaye, S. M.; Battaglia, D. J.; Baver, D. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab023a	journal	June 2019
Initial transport and turbulence analysis and gyrokinetic simulation validation in NSTX-U L-mode plasmas Guttenfelder, W.; Kaye, S. M.; Kriete, D. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab0b2c	journal	April 2019
Thermal energy confinement at the Globus-M spherical tokamak Kurskiev, G. S.; Bakharev, N. N.; Bulanin, V. V. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab15c5	journal	May 2019
Advancing local helicity injection for non-solenoidal tokamak startup Bongard, M. W.; Bodner, G. M.; Burke, M. G. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab17e3	journal	May 2019
Role of the pedestal position on the pedestal performance in AUG, JET-ILW and TCV and implications for ITER Frassinetti, L.; Dunne, M. G.; Sheikh, U. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab1eb9	journal	June 2019
Exploring the regime of validity of global gyrokinetic simulations with spherical tokamak plasmas Ren, Y.; Wang, W. X.; Guttenfelder, W. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab5bf5	journal	December 2019
Toroidal and slab ETG instability dominance in the linear spectrum of JET-ILW pedestals Parisi, Jason F.; Parra, Felix I.; Roach, Colin M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abb891	journal	October 2020
Microtearing modes as the source of magnetic fluctuations in the JET pedestal Hatch, D. R.; Kotschenreuther, M.; Mahajan, S. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abd21a	journal	February 2021
Tenfold increase in the fusion triple product caused by doubling of toroidal magnetic field in the spherical tokamak Globus-M2 Kurskiev, G. S.; Gusev, V. K.; Sakharov, N. V. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abe08c	journal	April 2021
Testing predictions of electron scale turbulent pedestal transport in two DIII-D ELMy H-modes Guttenfelder, W.; Groebner, R. J.; Canik, J. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abecc7	journal	April 2021
Overview of Globus-M2 spherical tokamak results at the enhanced values of magnetic field and plasma current Petrov, Yury; Gusev, Vasily K.; Sakharov, Nikolay Nuclear Fusion https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac27c7	journal	September 2021
Linear gyrokinetic stability of a high β non-inductive spherical tokamak Patel, B. S.; Dickinson, D.; Roach, C. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac359c	journal	December 2021
Energy confinement in the spherical tokamak Globus-M2 with a toroidal magnetic field reaching 0.8 T Kurskiev, G. S.; Gusev, V. K.; Sakharov, N. V. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac38c9	journal	December 2021
The Globus-M2 spherical tokamak: the first results Minaev, V. B.; Gusev, V. K.; Sakharov, N. V. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1094 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1094/1/012001	journal	September 2018
Power requirement for accessing the H-mode in ITER Martin, Y. R.; Takizuka, T.; Group, the ITPA CDBM H-mode Threshold Data Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 123 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/123/1/012033	journal	July 2008
Effect of increase in the toroidal magnetic field on plasma heating and confinement in the Globus-M tokamak discharges with neutral beam injection Telnova, A. Yu; Minaev, V. B.; Shchegolev, P. B. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 907 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/907/1/012014	journal	October 2017
STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization Wilson, Howard; Chapman, Ian; Denton, Tris Commercialising Fusion Energy https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8	book	December 2020
Towards a compact spherical tokamak fusion pilot plant Costley, A. E. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 377, Issue 2141 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0439	journal	February 2019
Compact steady-state tokamak performance dependence on magnet and core physics limits Menard, J. E. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 377, Issue 2141 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0440	journal	February 2019
Momentum-Transport Studies in High E × B Shear Plasmas in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Solomon, W. M.; Kaye, S. M.; Bell, R. E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.065004	journal	August 2008
Short-Scale Turbulent Fluctuations Driven by the Electron-Temperature Gradient in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Mazzucato, E.; Smith, D. R.; Bell, R. E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.075001	journal	August 2008
Correlation between Electron Transport and Shear Alfvén Activity in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Stutman, D.; Delgado-Aparicio, L.; Gorelenkov, N. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.115002	journal	March 2009
Observations of Reduced Electron Gyroscale Fluctuations in National Spherical Torus Experiment H -Mode Plasmas with Large E × B Flow Shear Smith, D. R.; Kaye, S. M.; Lee, W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.225005	journal	June 2009
Edge-Localized-Mode Suppression through Density-Profile Modification with Lithium-Wall Coatings in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Maingi, R.; Osborne, T. H.; LeBlanc, B. P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 103, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.075001	journal	August 2009
Channeling of the Energy and Momentum during Energetic-Ion-Driven Instabilities in Fusion Plasmas Kolesnichenko, Ya. I.; Yakovenko, Yu. V.; Lutsenko, V. V. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.075001	journal	February 2010
Triggered Confinement Enhancement and Pedestal Expansion in High-Confinement-Mode Discharges in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Maingi, R.; Bell, R. E.; Canik, J. M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.135004	journal	September 2010
Transport Bifurcation in a Rotating Tokamak Plasma Highcock, E. G.; Barnes, M.; Schekochihin, A. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.215003	journal	November 2010
Suppression of Electron Temperature Gradient Turbulence via Negative Magnetic Shear in NSTX Yuh, H. Y.; Kaye, S. M.; Levinton, F. M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.055003	journal	February 2011
Electromagnetic Transport from Microtearing Mode Turbulence Guttenfelder, W.; Candy, J.; Kaye, S. M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.155004	journal	April 2011
Density Gradient Stabilization of Electron Temperature Gradient Driven Turbulence in a Spherical Tokamak Ren, Y.; Kaye, S. M.; Mazzucato, E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.165005	journal	April 2011
Critically Balanced Ion Temperature Gradient Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas Barnes, M.; Parra, F. I.; Schekochihin, A. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.115003	journal	September 2011
Kinetic Instabilities that Limit β in the Edge of a Tokamak Plasma: A Picture of an H -Mode Pedestal Dickinson, D.; Roach, C. M.; Saarelma, S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.135002	journal	March 2012
Zero-Turbulence Manifold in a Toroidal Plasma Highcock, E. G.; Schekochihin, A. A.; Cowley, S. C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.265001	journal	December 2012
Experimental Signatures of Critically Balanced Turbulence in MAST Ghim, Y. -c.; Schekochihin, A. A.; Field, A. R. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.145002	journal	April 2013
Intrinsic Rotation Driven by Non-Maxwellian Equilibria in Tokamak Plasmas Barnes, M.; Parra, F. I.; Lee, J. P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.055005	journal	August 2013
Coupling of Neutral-Beam-Driven Compressional Alfvén Eigenmodes to Kinetic Alfvén Waves in NSTX Tokamak and Energy Channeling Belova, E. V.; Gorelenkov, N. N.; Fredrickson, E. D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.015001	journal	June 2015
High Confinement Mode and Edge Localized Mode Characteristics in a Near-Unity Aspect Ratio Tokamak Thome, K. E.; Bongard, M. W.; Barr, J. L. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 17, Article No. 175001 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.175001	journal	April 2016
Noninductively Driven Tokamak Plasmas at Near-Unity Toroidal Beta Schlossberg, D. J.; Bodner, G. M.; Bongard, M. W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 3, Article No. 035001 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.035001	journal	July 2017
Suppression of Ion-Scale Microtearing Modes by Electron-Scale Turbulence via Cross-Scale Nonlinear Interactions in Tokamak Plasmas Maeyama, S.; Watanabe, T. -H.; Ishizawa, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.195002	journal	November 2017
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Phase Space of Tokamak Edge Turbulence, the L − H Transition, and the Formation of the Edge Pedestal Rogers, B. N.; Drake, J. F.; Zeiler, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 81, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4396	journal	November 1998
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Characteristics of the First H -Mode Discharges in the National Spherical Torus Experiment Maingi, R.; Bell, M. G.; Bell, R. E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 88, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.035003	journal	January 2002
Prediction of Significant Tokamak Turbulence at Electron Gyroradius Scales Jenko, F.; Dorland, W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.225001	journal	November 2002
Comparison of a Low- to High-Confinement Transition Theory with Experimental Data from DIII-D Guzdar, P. N.; Kleva, R. G.; Groebner, R. J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.265004	journal	December 2002
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