Sensitivity and reliability of key electrochemical markers for detecting lithium plating during extreme fast charging

Chinnam, Parameswara R.; Tanim, Tanvir R.; Dufek, Eric J.; Dickerson, Charles C.; Li, Meng

doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103782

Sensitivity and reliability of key electrochemical markers for detecting lithium plating during extreme fast charging

Journal Article · Fri Dec 17 00:00:00 EST 2021 · Journal of Energy Storage

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103782· OSTI ID:1842943

Chinnam, Parameswara R. ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]

Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)

Lithium plating is one of the key challenges for enabling extreme fast charging (XFC, ≤10 to 15 min charging at ≥6C) in graphite-based lithium-ion batteries. Significant R&D effort has been focused on how to mitigate Li plating. Parallel effort is also being devoted to developing methods to detect Li plating when and if it happens during fast charging. In that regard, electrochemical (EC) signature-based detection techniques are less resource intensive, more convenient, and more practical from an end-user application perspective. However, a comprehensive understanding of key plating related EC signatures for extreme fast charging is presently unavailable. In particular, there exist distinct issues of unreliability with key plating-related EC signatures—e.g., incremental capacity (dQ.dV^-1), differential OCV (dOCV.dt^-1), end of lithiation (EOL) rest voltage—at XFC conditions, and the underlying reasons have not been explored and identified methodically. Using a comprehensive test matrix and XFC conditions with Li/graphite half cells, this article highlights the unreliability issues associated with the EC Li plating diagnostics and explains the underlying root cause. This study finds distinct sensitivity and unreliability issues with plating related dQ.dV^-1, dOCV.dt^-1, and EOL rest voltage signatures with charging rates. Furthermore, the complex interaction between graphite and plated Li that happens through multiple competing mechanisms —Li stripping and chemical intercalation— at different charging rates is at the core of the sensitivity and unreliability issue.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC07-05ID14517

OSTI ID:: 1842943

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1869353

Report Number(s):: INL/JOU--21-65465-Rev000

Journal Information:: Journal of Energy Storage, Journal Name: Journal of Energy Storage Journal Issue: - Vol. 46; ISSN 2352-152X

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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