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Millimeter Light Curves of Sagittarius A* Observed during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

Journal Article · · Astrophys.J.Lett.
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  1. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  2. Bologna Observ.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  3. Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.; Valencia U., IFIC
  4. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  5. Concepcion U.; Turku U.; Aalto U.
  6. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Harvard U. (main)
  7. NRAO, Charlottesville
  8. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Baltimore, Space Telescope Sci.
  9. Villanova U.
  10. Washington U., St. Louis
  11. Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  12. Illinois U., Urbana; Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.
  13. Cagliari U.; Cagliari Observ.
  14. McGill U.
  15. Illinois U., Urbana
  16. Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  17. Texas Tech. U., Lubbock; Baltimore, Space Telescope Sci.
  18. East Asian Observ.; Hawaii U.
  19. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.
  20. Colorado U.
  21. Waterloo U.; U. Waterloo (main); Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.
  22. Princeton U., Astrophys. Sci. Dept.; Flatiron Inst., New York
  23. MIT, LNS; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  24. IAA, Granada
  25. Malaya U.
  26. Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Texas U., San Antonio
  27. Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  28. Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.; Valencia U., IFIC; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  29. Yale Ctr. Astron. Astrophys.
  30. MIT, LNS
  31. Fermilab; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.
  32. Subaru Telescope
  33. Leiden Observ.
  34. Caltech
  35. IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres
  36. Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Waterloo U.; U. Waterloo (main)
  37. Massachusetts U., Amherst
  38. KASI, DaeJeon; KAIST, Taejon
  39. Chicago U., KICP; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U.; Chicago U., EFI
  40. Chalmers U. Tech.
  41. Princeton U., PCTS; Baltimore, Space Telescope Sci.
  42. Cornell U., Radio. Space Res. Ctr.
  43. East Asian Observ.
  44. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Nanjing U. Sci. Tech.
  45. Fairfield U.
  46. Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  47. Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U., KICP
  48. Frankfurt U.
  49. Tsung-Dao Lee Inst., Shanghai; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo, Grad. U. Adv. Stud.
  50. Columbia U., Astron. Astrophys.; Flatiron Inst., New York; Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  51. Naples U.; Frankfurt U.; INFN, Naples
  52. U. Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Sch. Phys.; Pretoria U.; Rhodes U.
  53. Subaru Telescope; ASTRON, Dwingeloo
  54. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; LESIA, Meudon
  55. IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  56. NAOC, Beijing; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  57. Las Cumbres Observ.; UC, Santa Barbara
  58. MIT; Unlisted, US, MA
  59. U. Wurzburg (main); Frankfurt U.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  60. Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.
  61. Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Harvard U.
  62. Southern Denmark U., CP3-Origins; Frankfurt U.
  63. INAOE, Puebla; Conacyt, Mexico
  64. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.
  65. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo, Grad. U. Adv. Stud.
  66. Groningen U.
  67. Peking U.; Peking U., Beijing, KIAA
  68. Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Subaru Telescope
  69. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo, Grad. U. Adv. Stud.; Tokyo U.
  70. INAOE, Puebla
  71. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo, Inst. Statistical Math.; Tokyo U., IPMU
  72. Leiden Observ.; NRAO, Charlottesville
  73. Unlisted, US, MA
  74. Boston U.
  75. Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Waterloo U.
  76. Tokyo U., ICRR
  77. ASTRON, Dwingeloo
  78. Kyungpook Natl. U.; KASI, DaeJeon; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  79. KASI, DaeJeon
  80. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Caltech
  81. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Kogakuin U.
  82. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo U.
  83. Niigata U.
  84. Taiwan, Natl. Normal U.; Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  85. Hong Kong, Chinese U.
  86. Nanjing U., Dept. Astron.
  87. IAA, Granada; Bologna, Ist. Radioastronomia; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  88. Bologna Observ.
  89. Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.
  90. UNAM, Morelia, Inst. Radioastron. Astrophys.; Mexico U., ICN
  91. Subaru Telescope; Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Nanjing U. Sci. Tech.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  92. Subaru Telescope; Yunnan Observ.; NAOC, Beijing
  93. U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA
  94. Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study; Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.
  95. ESTEC, Noordwijk; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.
  96. Tsung-Dao Lee Inst., Shanghai; Shanghai Jiaotong U.; Frankfurt U.
  97. MIT, LNS; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Frankfurt U.
  98. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  99. U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA; Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  100. IRAM, Granada
  101. Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.
  102. Concepcion U.
  103. Hachinohe Inst. Tech.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  104. U. Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Sch. Phys.; South African Astron. Observ.
  105. Frankfurt U.; Athens U.
  106. Sejong U.
  107. UNAM, Inst. Astron.
  108. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan
  109. Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Baltimore, Space Telescope Sci.
  110. Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Canadian Inst. Theor. Astrophys.; Toronto U., Astron. Dept.; Canadian Inst. Advanced Res.
  111. UC, Berkeley
  112. U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA; Frankfurt U.
  113. University Coll., Cork; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  114. Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.
  115. Taiwan, Natl. Normal U.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  116. Gemini Observ., Hilo; Subaru Telescope
  117. Frankfurt U.; Frankfurt U., FIAS; Trinity Coll., Dublin
  118. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Harvard U. (main); Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  119. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Hiroshima U.
  120. Aalto U.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  121. Peking U., Beijing, KIAA; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  122. Subaru Telescope; Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Nanjing U. Sci. Tech.
  123. Subaru Telescope; KASI, DaeJeon; KAIST, Taejon; Yonsei U.
  124. Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Leiden Observ.; NWO, The Hague; Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.
  125. IRAM, Granada; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  126. Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  127. Seoul Natl. U.; Subaru Telescope
  128. ASTRON, Dwingeloo; Leiden Observ.; New Mexico U.
  129. Central Lancashire U.
  130. Brandeis U.
  131. Tuorla Observ.
  132. Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study; Princeton U.
  133. Subaru Telescope; Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech.
  134. Mullard Space Sci. Lab.; Frankfurt U.
  135. Subaru Telescope; Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Beijing, GUCAS
  136. Subaru Telescope; Hefei, CUST
  137. Bard Coll.
+ Show Author Affiliations
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed the compact radio source, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), in the Galactic Center on 2017 April 5–11 in the 1.3 mm wavelength band. At the same time, interferometric array data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Submillimeter Array were collected, providing Sgr A* light curves simultaneous with the EHT observations. These data sets, complementing the EHT very long baseline interferometry, are characterized by a cadence and signal-to-noise ratio previously unattainable for Sgr A* at millimeter wavelengths, and they allow for the investigation of source variability on timescales as short as a minute. While most of the light curves correspond to a low variability state of Sgr A*, the April 11 observations follow an X-ray flare and exhibit strongly enhanced variability. All of the light curves are consistent with a red-noise process, with a power spectral density (PSD) slope measured to be between −2 and −3 on timescales between 1 minute and several hours. Our results indicate a steepening of the PSD slope for timescales shorter than 0.3 hr. The spectral energy distribution is flat at 220 GHz, and there are no time lags between the 213 and 229 GHz frequency bands, suggesting low optical depth for the event horizon scale source. We characterize Sgr A*’s variability, highlighting the different behavior observed just after the X-ray flare, and use Gaussian process modeling to extract a decorrelation timescale and a PSD slope. We also investigate the systematic calibration uncertainties by analyzing data from independent data reduction pipelines.
Research Organization:
ASTRON, Dwingeloo; Aalto U.; Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Athens U.; Baltimore, Space Telescope Sci.; Bard Coll.; Beijing, GUCAS; Bologna Observ.; Bologna, Ist. Radioastronomia; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Boston U.; Brandeis U.; Cagliari Observ.; Cagliari U.; Caltech; Canadian Inst. Advanced Res.; Canadian Inst. Theor. Astrophys.; Central Lancashire U.; Chalmers U. Tech.; Chicago U.; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U., EFI; Chicago U., KICP; Colorado U.; Columbia U., Astron. Astrophys.; Conacyt, Mexico; Concepcion U.; Cornell U., Radio. Space Res. Ctr.; ESTEC, Noordwijk; East Asian Observ.; Fairfield U.; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Flatiron Inst., New York; Frankfurt U.; Frankfurt U., FIAS; Gemini Observ., Hilo; Granada U., Theor. Phys. Astrophys.; Groningen U.; Hachinohe Inst. Tech.; Harvard U.; Harvard U. (main); Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Hawaii U.; Hefei, CUST; Hiroshima U.; Hong Kong, Chinese U.; Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech.; IAA, Granada; INAOE, Puebla; INFN, Naples; IRAM, Granada; IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres; Illinois U., Urbana; Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.; KAIST, Taejon; KASI, DaeJeon; Kogakuin U.; Kyungpook Natl. U.; LESIA, Meudon; Las Cumbres Observ.; Leiden Observ.; MIT; MIT, LNS; Malaya U.; Massachusetts U., Amherst; McGill U.; Mexico U., ICN; Mullard Space Sci. Lab.; NAOC, Beijing; NRAO, Charlottesville; NWO, The Hague; Nanjing U. Sci. Tech.; Nanjing U., Dept. Astron.; Naples U.; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; New Mexico U.; Niigata U.; Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Peking U.; Peking U., Beijing, KIAA; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Pretoria U.; Princeton U.; Princeton U., Astrophys. Sci. Dept.; Princeton U., PCTS; Princeton, Inst. Advanced Study; Rhodes U.; Sejong U.; Seoul Natl. U.; Shanghai Jiaotong U.; Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; South African Astron. Observ.; Southern Denmark U., CP3-Origins; Subaru Telescope; Taiwan, Natl. Normal U.; Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; Texas Tech. U., Lubbock; Texas U., San Antonio; Tokyo U.; Tokyo U., ICRR; Tokyo U., IPMU; Tokyo, Grad. U. Adv. Stud.; Tokyo, Inst. Statistical Math.; Toronto U., Astron. Dept.; Trinity Coll., Dublin; Tsung-Dao Lee Inst., Shanghai; Tuorla Observ.; Turku U.; U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA; U. Waterloo (main); U. Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Sch. Phys.; U. Wurzburg (main); UC, Berkeley; UC, Santa Barbara; UNAM, Inst. Astron.; UNAM, Morelia, Inst. Radioastron. Astrophys.; University Coll., Cork; Unlisted, US, MA; Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.; Valencia U., IFIC; Villanova U.; Washington U., St. Louis; Waterloo U.; Yale Ctr. Astron. Astrophys.; Yonsei U.; Yunnan Observ.
Sponsoring Organization:
US Department of Energy
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-07CH11359
OSTI ID:
1868450
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-22-417-PPD; oai:inspirehep.net:2080891; arXiv:2207.06829
Journal Information:
Astrophys.J.Lett., Journal Name: Astrophys.J.Lett. Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 930
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS