Constraints on the Dense Matter Equation of State and Neutron Star Properties from NICER’s Mass–Radius Estimate of PSR J0740+6620 and Multimessenger Observations

Raaijmakers, G.; Greif, S. K.; Hebeler, K.; Hinderer, T.; Nissanke, S.; Schwenk, A.; Riley, T. E.; Watts, A. L.; Lattimer, J. M.; Ho, W. G.

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac089a

Constraints on the Dense Matter Equation of State and Neutron Star Properties from NICER’s Mass–Radius Estimate of PSR J0740+6620 and Multimessenger Observations

Journal Article · Wed Sep 08 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · The Astrophysical Journal. Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac089a· OSTI ID:1864764

Raaijmakers, G. ^[1]; Greif, S. K. ^[2]; Hebeler, K. ^[2]; Hinderer, T. ^[3]; Nissanke, S. ^[4]; Schwenk, A. ^[5]; Riley, T. E. ^[6]; Watts, A. L. ^[6]; Lattimer, J. M. ^[7]; Ho, W. G. ^[8]

Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands); Stony Brook University
Technische Univ. Darmstadt (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany)
Utrecht University (Netherlands)
Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands); Nikhef, Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
Technische Univ. Darmstadt (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany)
Univ. of Amsterdam (Netherlands)
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
Haverford College, PA (United States)

In recent years our understanding of the dense matter equation of state (EOS) of neutron stars has significantly improved by analyzing multimessenger data from radio/X-ray pulsars, gravitational wave events, and from nuclear physics constraints. Here we study the additional impact on the EOS from the jointly estimated mass and radius of PSR J0740+6620, presented in Riley et al. by analyzing a combined data set from X-ray telescopes NICER and XMM-Newton. We employ two different high-density EOS parameterizations: a piecewise-polytropic (PP) model and a model based on the speed of sound in a neutron star (CS). Here, at nuclear densities these are connected to microscopic calculations of neutron matter based on chiral effective field theory (EFT) interactions. In addition to the new NICER data for this heavy neutron star, we separately study constraints from the radio timing mass measurement of PSR J0740+6620, the gravitational wave events of binary neutron stars GW190425 and GW170817, and for the latter the associated kilonova AT2017gfo. By combining all these, and the NICER mass-radius estimate of PSR J0030+0451, we find the radius of a 1.4 M_⊙ neutron star to be constrained to the 95% credible ranges 12.33$$^{+0.76}_{–0.81}$$km (PP model) and 12.18$$^{+0.56}_{–0.79}$$km (CS model). In addition, we explore different chiral EFT calculations and show that the new NICER results provide tight constraints for the pressure of neutron star matter at around twice saturation density, which shows the power of these observations to constrain dense matter interactions at intermediate densities.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Research Foundation of New York, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-87ER40317

OSTI ID:: 1864764

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 23154408

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 918; ISSN 2041-8205

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. V. Rising X-Ray Emission from an Off-axis Jet Margutti, R.; Berger, E.; Fong, W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9057	journal	October 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. IV. Detection of Near-infrared Signatures of r -process Nucleosynthesis with Gemini-South Chornock, R.; Berger, E.; Kasen, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa905c	journal	October 2017
The Emergence of a Lanthanide-rich Kilonova Following the Merger of Two Neutron Stars Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J.; González-Fernández, C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa90b6	journal	October 2017
Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9	journal	October 2017
Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c	journal	October 2017
Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817 Margalit, Ben; Metzger, Brian D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa991c	journal	November 2017
Viscous-dynamical Ejecta from Binary Neutron Star Mergers Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Hotokezaka, Kenta The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaf053	journal	December 2018
A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Implications for the Dense Matter Equation of State Raaijmakers, G.; Riley, T. E.; Watts, A. L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab451a	journal	December 2019
A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Millisecond Pulsar Parameter Estimation Riley, T. E.; Watts, A. L.; Bogdanov, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab481c	journal	December 2019
PSR J0030+0451 Mass and Radius from NICER Data and Implications for the Properties of Neutron Star Matter Miller, M. C.; Lamb, F. K.; Dittmann, A. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab50c5	journal	December 2019
On the Possibility of GW190425 Being a Black Hole–Neutron Star Binary Merger Kyutoku, Koutarou; Fujibayashi, Sho; Hayashi, Kota The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab6e70	journal	February 2020
Is GW190425 Consistent with Being a Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger? Han, Ming-Zhe; Tang, Shao-Peng; Hu, Yi-Ming The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 891, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab745a	journal	February 2020
GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ∼ 3.4 M _⊙ Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 892, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab75f5	journal	March 2020
Constraining the Dense Matter Equation of State with Joint Analysis of NICER and LIGO/Virgo Measurements Raaijmakers, G.; Greif, S. K.; Riley, T. E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab822f	journal	April 2020
Twin Stars and the Stiffness of the Nuclear Equation of State: Ruling Out Strong Phase Transitions below 1.7 n ₀ with the New NICER Radius Measurements Christian, Jan-Erik; Schaffner-Bielich, Jürgen The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 894, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8af4	journal	May 2020
GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 Solar Mass Black Hole with a 2.6 Solar Mass Compact Object Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 896, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab960f	journal	June 2020
GW170817 and GW190814: Tension on the Maximum Mass Nathanail, Antonios; Most, Elias R.; Rezzolla, Luciano The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 908, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abdfc6	journal	February 2021
The Radius of PSR J0740+6620 from NICER and XMM-Newton Data Miller, M. C.; Lamb, F. K.; Dittmann, A. J. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 918, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac089b	journal	September 2021
A NICER View of the Massive Pulsar PSR J0740+6620 Informed by Radio Timing and XMM-Newton Spectroscopy Riley, Thomas E.; Watts, Anna L.; Ray, Paul S. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 918, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac0a81	journal	September 2021

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79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
X-rays: stars
dense matter
equation of state
gravitational waves
stars: neutron

Constraints on the Dense Matter Equation of State and Neutron Star Properties from NICER’s Mass–Radius Estimate of PSR J0740+6620 and Multimessenger Observations

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