Extracting energy from ocean thermal and salinity gradients to power unmanned underwater vehicles: State of the art, current limitations, and future outlook

Jung, Hyunjun; Subban, Chinmayee V.; McTigue, Joshua Dominic; Martinez, Jayson J.; Copping, Andrea E.; Osorio, Julian; Liu, Jian; Deng, Z. Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112283

Extracting energy from ocean thermal and salinity gradients to power unmanned underwater vehicles: State of the art, current limitations, and future outlook

Journal Article · Sat Mar 05 00:00:00 EST 2022 · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112283· OSTI ID:1856207

Jung, Hyunjun ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[2]; Martinez, Jayson J. ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[1]; Deng, Z. Daniel ^[1]

Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Thermal gradient energy-generation technologies for powering unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) or autonomous sensing systems in the ocean are mainly in the research development phase or commercially available at a limited scale, and salinity-gradient energy-generation technologies have not been adequately researched yet. The demand for self-powered UUVs suitable for long-term deployments has been growing, and further research related to small-scale ocean gradient energy systems is needed. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review about harvesting energy from ocean thermal or salinity gradients for powering UUVs, focusing on gliders and profiling floats. Thermal gradient energy systems for UUVs based on phase change materials (PCM) cannot provide the energy required for powering autonomous sensing systems because of the systems' low energy conversion efficiency. Besides reducing energy consumption by developing more efficient electrical-mechanical systems, enhancing the thermal conductivity of the PCMs may help address this challenge by increasing the power generation rate of the UUVs. Several other emerging technologies, such as thermoelectric generators, shape memory alloys, and small-scale thermodynamic cycle systems, have shown potential for powering UUVs, but they are still only at the laboratory testing or conceptual design phase. The most advanced power generation technologies based on salinity gradients, reverse electrodialysis and pressure-retarded osmosis, are still not economically viable for large-scale deployment, mainly because of the high cost of the components required to operate in harsh saline environments. Our feasibility evaluation showed that existing salinity gradient power generation technologies are not directly feasible for powering UUVs in the open ocean.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Water Power Technologies Office (EE-4W)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830; AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1856207

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1860249

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5700-80980; PNNL-SA-163771; MainId:79756; UUID:77d08fa1-ed51-47cb-9f5b-9d85b4866bf2; MainAdminID:63911

Journal Information:: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Journal Name: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Vol. 160; ISSN 1364-0321

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY
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Extracting energy from ocean thermal and salinity gradients to power unmanned underwater vehicles: State of the art, current limitations, and future outlook

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