Kilonova Detectability with Wide-field Instruments

Chase, Eve A.; O’Connor, Brendan; Fryer, Christopher L.; Troja, Eleonora; Korobkin, Oleg; Wollaeger, Ryan T.; Ristic, Marko; Fontes, Christopher J.; Hungerford, Aimee L.; Herring, Angela M.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3d25

Kilonova Detectability with Wide-field Instruments

Journal Article · Fri Mar 11 00:00:00 EST 2022 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3d25· OSTI ID:1854419

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Abstract

Kilonovae are ultraviolet, optical, and infrared transients powered by the radioactive decay of heavy elements following a neutron star merger. Joint observations of kilonovae and gravitational waves can offer key constraints on the source of Galactic r -process enrichment, among other astrophysical topics. However, robust constraints on heavy element production require rapid kilonova detection (within ∼1 day of merger) as well as multiwavelength observations across multiple epochs. In this study, we quantify the ability of 13 wide-field-of-view instruments to detect kilonovae, leveraging a large grid of over 900 radiative transfer simulations with 54 viewing angles per simulation. We consider both current and upcoming instruments, collectively spanning the full kilonova spectrum. The Roman Space Telescope has the highest redshift reach of any instrument in the study, observing kilonovae out to z ∼ 1 within the first day post-merger. We demonstrate that BlackGEM, DECam, GOTO, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s LSST, ULTRASAT, VISTA, and WINTER can observe some kilonovae out to z ∼ 0.1 (∼475 Mpc), while DDOTI, MeerLICHT, PRIME, Swift/UVOT, and ZTF are confined to more nearby observations. Furthermore, we provide a framework to infer kilonova ejecta properties following nondetections and explore variation in detectability with these ejecta parameters.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE; USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 1854419

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1868285

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-21-24587

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 927; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: American Astronomical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Design requirements for the Wide-field Infrared Transient Explorer (WINTER) Frostig, Danielle; Baker, John W.; Brown, Joshua Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562842	conference	December 2020
Illuminating gravitational waves: A concordant picture of photons from a neutron star merger Kasliwal, M. M.; Nakar, E.; Singer, L. P. Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9455	journal	October 2017
Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova Evans, P. A.; Cenko, S. B.; Kennea, J. A. Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9580	journal	October 2017
Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the optical counterpart to a gravitational wave source Coulter, D. A.; Foley, R. J.; Kilpatrick, C. D. Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9811	journal	October 2017
Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis Drout, M. R.; Piro, A. L.; Shappee, B. J. Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0049	journal	October 2017
Early spectra of the gravitational wave source GW170817: Evolution of a neutron star merger Shappee, B. J.; Simon, J. D.; Drout, M. R. Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0186	journal	October 2017
Compact radio emission indicates a structured jet was produced by a binary neutron star merger Ghirlanda, G.; Salafia, O. S.; Paragi, Z. Science, Vol. 363, Issue 6430 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau8815	journal	February 2019
JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE CAN DETECT KILONOVAE IN GRAVITATIONAL WAVE FOLLOW-UP SEARCH Bartos, I.; Huard, T. L.; Márka, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 816, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/816/2/61	journal	January 2016
Galaxy Strategy for Ligo-Virgo Gravitational wave Counterpart Searches Gehrels, Neil; Cannizzo, John K.; Kanner, Jonah The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 820, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/820/2/136	journal	March 2016
Radioactivity and Thermalization in the Ejecta of Compact Object Mergers and Their Impact on Kilonova Light Curves Barnes, Jennifer; Kasen, Daniel; Wu, Meng-Ru The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 829, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/829/2/110	journal	September 2016
Binary Companions of Evolved Stars in APOGEE DR14: Search Method and Catalog of ∼5000 Companions Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Hogg, David W.; Rix, Hans-Walter The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aac387	journal	June 2018
An Open Catalog for Supernova Data Guillochon, James; Parrent, Jerod; Kelley, Luke Zoltan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 835, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/64	journal	January 2017
Galaxy Groups Within 3500 km s ⁻¹ Kourkchi, Ehsan; Tully, R. Brent The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 843, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa76db	journal	June 2017
The Origin of r -process Elements in the Milky Way Côté, Benoit; Fryer, Chris L.; Belczynski, Krzysztof The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaad67	journal	March 2018
Simulations of the WFIRST Supernova Survey and Forecasts of Cosmological Constraints Hounsell, R.; Scolnic, D.; Foley, R. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac08b	journal	October 2018
The Diversity of Kilonova Emission in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts Gompertz, B. P.; Levan, A. J.; Tanvir, N. R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 860, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac206	journal	June 2018
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products Ivezić, Željko; Kahn, Steven M.; Tyson, J. Anthony The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c	journal	March 2019
LSST Target-of-opportunity Observations of Gravitational-wave Events: Essential and Efficient Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Villar, V. A.; Scolnic, D. M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab07b6	journal	March 2019
Short GRB 160821B: A Reverse Shock, a Refreshed Shock, and a Well-sampled Kilonova Lamb, G. P.; Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab38bb	journal	September 2019
GROWTH on S190814bv: Deep Synoptic Limits on the Optical/Near-infrared Counterpart to a Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger Andreoni, Igor; Goldstein, Daniel A.; Kasliwal, Mansi M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6a1b	journal	February 2020
Radioactive Heating Rate of r -process Elements and Macronova Light Curve Hotokezaka, Kenta; Nakar, Ehud The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 891, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6a98	journal	March 2020
Composition Effects on Kilonova Spectra and Light Curves. I Even, Wesley; Korobkin, Oleg; Fryer, Christopher L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 899, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab70b9	journal	August 2020
Evaluation of Automated Fermi GBM Localizations of Gamma-Ray Bursts Goldstein, A.; Fletcher, C.; Veres, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 895, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab8bdb	journal	May 2020
Simulations of Early Kilonova Emission from Neutron Star Mergers Banerjee, Smaranika; Tanaka, Masaomi; Kawaguchi, Kyohei The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abae61	journal	September 2020
Constraints on the Physical Properties of GW190814 through Simulations Based on DECam Follow-up Observations by the Dark Energy Survey Morgan, R.; Soares-Santos, M.; Annis, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abafaa	journal	September 2020
Kilonova Luminosity Function Constraints Based on Zwicky Transient Facility Searches for 13 Neutron Star Merger Triggers during O3 Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Anand, Shreya; Ahumada, Tomás The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc335	journal	December 2020
Modeling Kilonova Light Curves: Dependence on Nuclear Inputs Zhu, Y. L.; Lund, K. A.; Barnes, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 906, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc69e	journal	January 2021
The Broadband Counterpart of the Short GRB 200522A at z = 0.5536: A Luminous Kilonova or a Collimated Outflow with a Reverse Shock? Fong, W.; Laskar, T.; Rastinejad, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 906, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc74a	journal	January 2021
Swift Multiwavelength Follow-up of LVC S200224ca and the Implications for Binary Black Hole Mergers Klingler, N. J.; Lien, A.; Oates, S. R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 907, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd2c3	journal	February 2021
Axisymmetric Radiative Transfer Models of Kilonovae Korobkin, Oleg; Wollaeger, Ryan T.; Fryer, Christopher L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 910, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abe1b5	journal	April 2021
Searches after Gravitational Waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): Observations and Analysis from Advanced LIGO/Virgo's Third Observing Run Paterson, K.; Lundquist, M. J.; Rastinejad, J. C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 912, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abeb71	journal	May 2021
Probing Kilonova Ejecta Properties Using a Catalog of Short Gamma-Ray Burst Observations Rastinejad, J. C.; Fong, W.; Kilpatrick, C. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 916, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac04b4	journal	August 2021
Kilonovae Across the Nuclear Physics Landscape: The Impact of Nuclear Physics Uncertainties on r-process-powered Emission Barnes, Jennifer; Zhu, Y. L.; Lund, K. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 918, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aec	journal	September 2021
Fast-transient Searches in Real Time with ZTFReST: Identification of Three Optically Discovered Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and New Constraints on the Kilonova Rate Andreoni, Igor; Coughlin, Michael W.; Kool, Erik C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 918, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0bc7	journal	September 2021
A Broad Grid of 2D Kilonova Emission Models Wollaeger, R. T.; Fryer, C. L.; Chase, E. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 918, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0d03	journal	August 2021
An Infrared Search for Kilonovae with the WINTER Telescope. I. Binary Neutron Star Mergers Frostig, Danielle; Biscoveanu, Sylvia; Mo, Geoffrey The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 926, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4508	journal	February 2022
Swift -XRT Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Second Advanced LIGO/Virgo Observing Run Klingler, N. J.; Kennea, J. A.; Evans, P. A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 245, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab4ea2	journal	November 2019
The R -Process Alliance: Fourth Data Release from the Search for R -process-enhanced Stars in the Galactic Halo Holmbeck, Erika M.; Hansen, Terese T.; Beers, Timothy C. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 249, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab9c19	journal	August 2020
A dark Energy Camera Search for an Optical Counterpart to the First Advanced ligo Gravitational wave Event Gw150914 Soares-Santos, M.; Kessler, R.; Berger, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 823, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/823/2/L33	journal	May 2016
Going the Distance: Mapping host Galaxies of ligo and Virgo Sources in Three Dimensions Using Local Cosmography and Targeted Follow-Up Singer, Leo P.; Chen, Hsin-Yu; Holz, Daniel E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 829, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/829/1/L15	journal	September 2016
The Discovery of the Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817: Kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck Valenti, Stefano; Sand, David, J.; Yang, Sheng The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8edf	journal	October 2017
An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi -GBM Detection of GRB 170817A Goldstein, A.; Veres, P.; Burns, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8f41	journal	October 2017
INTEGRAL Detection of the First Prompt Gamma-Ray Signal Coincident with the Gravitational-wave Event GW170817 Savchenko, V.; Ferrigno, C.; Kuulkers, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8f94	journal	October 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. II. UV, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves and Comparison to Kilonova Models Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.; Villar, V. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8fc7	journal	October 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. III. Optical and UV Spectra of a Blue Kilonova from Fast Polar Ejecta Nicholl, M.; Berger, E.; Kasen, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9029	journal	October 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. I. Discovery of the Optical Counterpart Using the Dark Energy Camera Soares-Santos, M.; Holz, D. E.; Annis, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9059	journal	October 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. IV. Detection of Near-infrared Signatures of r -process Nucleosynthesis with Gemini-South Chornock, R.; Berger, E.; Kasen, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa905c	journal	October 2017
The Emergence of a Lanthanide-rich Kilonova Following the Merger of Two Neutron Stars Tanvir, N. R.; Levan, A. J.; González-Fernández, C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa90b6	journal	October 2017
Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9	journal	October 2017
Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c	journal	October 2017
MASTER Optical Detection of the First LIGO/Virgo Neutron Star Binary Merger GW170817 Lipunov, V. M.; Gorbovskoy, E.; Kornilov, V. G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa92c0	journal	November 2017
The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications Villar, V. A.; Guillochon, J.; Berger, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9c84	journal	December 2017
How Many Kilonovae Can Be Found in Past, Present, and Future Survey Data Sets? Scolnic, D.; Kessler, R.; Brout, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9d82	journal	December 2017
Improvements in Gravitational-wave Sky Localization with Expanded Networks of Interferometers Pankow, Chris; Chase, Eve A.; Coughlin, Scott The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaacd4	journal	February 2018
The First Hours of the GW170817 Kilonova and the Importance of Early Optical and Ultraviolet Observations for Constraining Emission Models Arcavi, Iair The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aab267	journal	March 2018
Follow-up of the Neutron Star Bearing Gravitational-wave Candidate Events S190425z and S190426c with MMT and SOAR Hosseinzadeh, G.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Gomez, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab271c	journal	July 2019
GROWTH on S190425z: Searching Thousands of Square Degrees to Identify an Optical or Infrared Counterpart to a Binary Neutron Star Merger with the Zwicky Transient Facility and Palomar Gattini-IR Coughlin, Michael W.; Ahumada, Tomás; Anand, Shreya The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab4ad8	journal	October 2019
GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ∼ 3.4 M _⊙ Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 892, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab75f5	journal	March 2020
GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 Solar Mass Black Hole with a 2.6 Solar Mass Compact Object Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 896, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab960f	journal	June 2020
Observation of Gravitational Waves from Two Neutron Star–Black Hole Coalescences Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 915, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac082e	journal	June 2021
Constraints on the Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Neutron-star–Black-hole Merger GW200115 Dichiara, S.; Becerra, R. L.; Chase, E. A. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 923, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac4259	journal	December 2021

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