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Seasonal and Interspecific Variation in Frugivory by a Mixed Resident-Migrant Overwintering Songbird Community

Journal Article · · Diversity
DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/d13070314· OSTI ID:1848172
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5]
  1. Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (United States). Dept. of Natural Resource Science; Great Hollow Nature Preserve and Ecological Research Center, New Fairfield, CT (United States); Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (United States)
  2. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States). Dept. of Biology; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA (United States). Wildlife Research Division
  3. Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (United States). Dept. of Natural Resource Science; U.S Fish & Wildlife Service, Athens, GA (United States). National Wildlife Refuge System. Inventory and Monitoring Branch
  4. Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (United States). Dept. of Natural Resource Science
  5. National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA (United States). Division of Environmental Biology. Population and Community Ecology Cluster
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Many temperate passerine bird species switch from diets of mostly invertebrates in the spring and summer to diets that include fruit and seeds in the fall and winter. However, relatively few studies have quantified diet composition or the extent of seasonal shifts during the non-breeding period, particularly among species and across communities with both residents and migrants. We measured carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values in food items (fruits, C3 and C4 seeds, and insects from various trophic levels and plant communities) and in multiple tissues (feathers and plasma/whole blood) from 11 species of songbirds wintering in the southeastern U.S. We combined these diet and tissue values with empirically derived discrimination factors and used concentration-dependent mixing models to quantify seasonal diet shifts. We also validated mixing model results with data from fecal samples. Diets in this bird community, as delineated N and C isotopic space, diverged in the fall and winter relative to the summer as consumption of fruits and seeds increased. Across this songbird community, estimated contributions of fruit to plasma/whole blood increased from 16.2 ± 7.5% in the fall (mean ± SD; range: 4–26%) to 21.7 ± 10.3% (range: 9–37%) in the winter, while contributions of seeds increased from 29.4 ± 2.6% (range: 28–32%) in the fall to 36.6 ± 4.8% (range: 32–42%) in the winter. Fecal data showed qualitatively similar trends to mixing models, but consistently estimated higher contributions of fruit. Our work indicates that fruits and seeds constitute substantial sources of sustenance for non-breeding songbirds, there is considerable separation of resource use among species in the fall and winter, and fecal estimates of contributions to songbird tissues should be interpreted cautiously.

Research Organization:
US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Washington, DC (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
Grant/Contract Number:
AI09-76SR00056
OSTI ID:
1848172
Journal Information:
Diversity, Journal Name: Diversity Journal Issue: 7 Vol. 13; ISSN DIVEC6; ISSN 1424-2818
Publisher:
MDPICopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Biodiversity & Conservation
Environmental Sciences & Ecology
diet overlap
diet shifts
frugivory
granivory
isotopic niche
mixing model
overwintering
songbirds
stable isotopes