Upper Limit on the QCD Axion Mass from Isolated Neutron Star Cooling

Buschmann, Malte; Dessert, Christopher; Foster, Joshua W.; Long, Andrew J.; Safdi, Benjamin R.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.091102

Title: Upper Limit on the QCD Axion Mass from Isolated Neutron Star Cooling

Journal Article · Tue Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2022 · Physical Review Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.091102· OSTI ID:1846844

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The quantum chromodynamics (QCD) axion may modify the cooling rates of neutron stars (NSs). The axions are produced within the NS cores from nucleon bremsstrahlung and, when the nucleons are in superfluid states, Cooper pair breaking and formation processes. We show that four of the nearby isolated magnificent seven NSs along with PSR J0659 are prime candidates for axion cooling studies because they are coeval, with ages of a few hundred thousand years known from kinematic considerations, and they have well-measured surface luminosities. We compare these data to dedicated NS cooling simulations incorporating axions, profiling over uncertainties related to the equation of state, NS masses, surface compositions, and superfluidity. Our calculations of the axion and neutrino emissivities include high-density suppression factors that also affect SN 1987A and previous NS cooling limits on axions. We find no evidence for axions in the isolated NS data, and within the context of the Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov QCD axion model, we constrain m_a≲16 meV at 95% confidence level. An improved understanding of NS cooling and nucleon superfluidity could further improve these limits or lead to the discovery of the axion at weaker couplings.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: DESC0007968; DESC0019225; AC02-05CH11231; SC0007968; SC0019225; 2114024

OSTI ID:: 1846844

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1891302

Journal Information:: Physical Review Letters, Journal Name: Physical Review Letters Vol. 128 Journal Issue: 9; ISSN 0031-9007

Publisher:: American Physical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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