Impoverishing Roots Will Improve Wheat Yield and Profitability Through Increased Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies

Woo, D. K.; Riley, W. J.; Paez‐Garcia, A.; Marklein, A. R.; Mekonnen, Z. A.; Liu, X.; Ma, X.; Blancaflor, E.; Wu, Y.

doi:10.1029/2020jg005829

Impoverishing Roots Will Improve Wheat Yield and Profitability Through Increased Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies

Journal Article · Fri Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jg005829· OSTI ID:1845108

^[1]; ^[2]; Paez‐Garcia, A. ^[3]; Marklein, A. R. ^[2]; ^[2]; Liu, X. ^[4]; ^[4]; Blancaflor, E. ^[4]; ^[2]

Keimyung Univ., Deagu (Korea)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Noble Research Institute LLC Ardmore OK USA
Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK (United States)

We report that more than a 60% increase in crop production is required by the 2050's to feed a growing world population. Understanding how plant functional traits and field management affect crop yields has the potential to improve agricultural productivity, minimize economic and environmental losses, and maximize food security. We explored the influence of winter wheat root characteristics and management on winter wheat growth, yield, and profit using a mechanistic and well-tested ecosystem and crop model, ecosys. We applied and further tested ecosys at an agricultural farm growing winter wheat in Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States. The model accurately predicted observed shoot carbon (R² = 0.95), soil moisture (R² = 0.67), soil temperature (R² = 0.91), and yield (percent error = 17%). Numerical optimization experiments were conducted to explore potential improvements of winter wheat yield and profit by modifying root characteristics, including root radius and root:shoot carbon transfer conductance, and fertilizer inputs. Our results show the potential for simultaneously improving winter wheat yields and profits. The optimum conditions were found to be in the range of root radius between 0.1 and 0.3 mm, carbon transfer conductance between 0.004 and 0.01 _h^-1, and the currently applied fertilizer rate of 112 kg _ha^-1. Under these conditions, improvements in yields and profits of up to approximately 25% and 110%, respectively, were modeled compared to those under baseline root traits. These improvements were achieved by impoverishing root structures, thereby increasing nutrient allocation to grains. Our results also demonstrate and motivate model structures that integrate the complex network of plant physiology, soil nutrient biogeochemistry, hydrology, and management.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1845108

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences, Journal Name: Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 126; ISSN 2169-8953

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (100)

Mean age distribution of inorganic soil-nitrogen: INORGANIC NITROGEN AGE Woo, Dong K.; Kumar, Praveen Water Resources Research, Vol. 52, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017799	journal	July 2016
The use of food imports to overcome local limits to growth: USE OF IMPORTS TO OVERCOME LOCAL LIMITS Porkka, Miina; Guillaume, Joseph H. A.; Siebert, Stefan Earth's Future, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000477	journal	April 2017
Understanding the weather signal in national crop-yield variability: WEATHER-SIGNAL IN CROP-YIELD VARIABILITY Frieler, Katja; Schauberger, Bernhard; Arneth, Almut Earth's Future, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000525	journal	June 2017
Role of Micro-Topographic Variability on the Distribution of Inorganic Soil-Nitrogen Age in Intensively Managed Landscape: MICRO-TOPOGRAPHIC IMPACT ON NITROGEN AGE Woo, Dong K.; Kumar, Praveen Water Resources Research, Vol. 53, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021053	journal	October 2017
Gravitropic response growth angle and vertical distribution of roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Oyanagi, A. Plant and Soil, Vol. 165, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00008076	journal	June 1994
A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species Farquhar, G. D.; von Caemmerer, S.; Berry, J. A. Planta, Vol. 149, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386231	journal	June 1980
Simulation model of soil compaction and root growth: I. Model structure Grant, R. F. Plant and Soil, Vol. 150, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00779170	journal	January 1993
Simulation model of soil compaction and root growth: II. Model performance and validation Grant, R. F. Plant and Soil, Vol. 150, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00779171	journal	January 1993
The distribution of water and nitrogen in the soil-crop system: A simulation study with validation from a winter wheat field trial Grant, R. F. Fertilizer Research, Vol. 27, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01051128	journal	March 1991
Determination of the carbon content of biomass—A prerequisite to estimate the complete biodegradation of polymers Spitzer, B.; Mende, C.; Menner, M. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02067450	journal	July 1996
Water-yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain Zhang, H.; Wang, X.; You, M. Irrigation Science, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002710050069	journal	November 1999
Five decades of selection for yield reduced root length density and increased nitrogen uptake per unit root length in Australian wheat varieties Aziz, Moyassar M.; Palta, Jairo A.; Siddique, Kadambot H. M. Plant and Soil, Vol. 413, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3059-y	journal	October 2016
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) detects fine roots of agricultural crops in the field Liu, Xiuwei; Dong, Xuejun; Xue, Qingwu Plant and Soil, Vol. 423, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3531-3	journal	December 2017
The effects of water stress on yield advantages of intercropping systems Natarajan, M.; Willey, R. W. Field Crops Research, Vol. 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(86)90015-8	journal	January 1986
Crop water relations under different CO2 and irrigation: testing of ecosys with the free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment Grant, R. F.; Wall, G. W.; Kimball, B. A. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 95, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00017-9	journal	May 1999
Simulation in ecosys of root growth response to contrasting soil water and nitrogen Grant, R. F. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 107, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00221-4	journal	April 1998
Maximizing yields in rice–groundnut cropping sequence through integrated nutrient management Prasad, P. V. V.; Satyanarayana, V.; Murthy, V. R. K. Field Crops Research, Vol. 75, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00214-3	journal	March 2002
From rainfed agriculture to stress-avoidance irrigation: II. Sustainability, crop yield, and profitability Vico, Giulia; Porporato, Amilcare Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 34, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.11.011	journal	February 2011
Simulation of future climate scenarios with a weather generator Fatichi, Simone; Ivanov, Valeriy Y.; Caporali, Enrica Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.12.013	journal	April 2011
Understanding variability in crop response to fertilizer and amendments in sub-Saharan Africa Kihara, Job; Nziguheba, Generose; Zingore, Shamie Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 229 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.05.012	journal	August 2016
Increased root growth and nitrogen accumulation in common wheat following PGPR inoculation: Assessment of plant-microbe interactions by ESEM Dal Cortivo, Cristian; Barion, Giuseppe; Visioli, Giovanna Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 247 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.07.006	journal	September 2017
Monitoring wheat root development in a rainfed vertisol: Tillage effect Muñoz-Romero, Verónica; Benítez-Vega, Jorge; López-Bellido, Luis European Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 33, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2010.05.004	journal	October 2010
Dry matter partitioning and canopy traits in wheat and barley under varying N supply Sieling, Klaus; Böttcher, Ulf; Kage, Henning European Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 74 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.11.022	journal	March 2016
Genotypic variation in specific leaf area for genetic improvement of early vigour in wheat Rebetzke, G. J.; Botwright, T. L.; Moore, C. S. Field Crops Research, Vol. 88, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.01.007	journal	August 2004
Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers for rice systems: Meta-analysis of yield and nitrogen uptake Linquist, Bruce A.; Liu, Lijun; van Kessel, Chris Field Crops Research, Vol. 154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.08.014	journal	December 2013
Root and shoot traits for rice varieties with higher grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency at lower nitrogen rates application Ju, Chengxin; Buresh, Roland J.; Wang, Zhiqin Field Crops Research, Vol. 175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.02.007	journal	April 2015
Long-term effects of controlled release urea application on crop yields and soil fertility under rice-oilseed rape rotation system Geng, Jibiao; Sun, Yunbao; Zhang, Min Field Crops Research, Vol. 184 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.09.003	journal	December 2015
Canopy temperature for simulation of heat stress in irrigated wheat in a semi-arid environment: A multi-model comparison Webber, Heidi; Martre, Pierre; Asseng, Senthold Field Crops Research, Vol. 202 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.009	journal	February 2017
More fertilizer and impoverished roots required for improving wheat yields and profits under climate change Woo, Dong Kook; Riley, William J.; Wu, Yuxin Field Crops Research, Vol. 249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107756	journal	April 2020
Minimising the harm to biodiversity of producing more food globally Phalan, Ben; Balmford, Andrew; Green, Rhys E. Food Policy, Vol. 36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.008	journal	January 2011
Nitrogen and water resources commonly limit crop yield increases, not necessarily plant genetics Sinclair, Thomas R.; Rufty, Thomas W. Global Food Security, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2012.07.001	journal	December 2012
Stagnating crop yields: An overlooked risk for the carbon balance of agricultural soils? Wiesmeier, Martin; Hübner, Rico; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 536 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.064	journal	December 2015
The roots of a new green revolution Herder, Griet Den; Van Isterdael, Gert; Beeckman, Tom Trends in Plant Science, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.08.009	journal	November 2010
Accelerated Nutrient Cycling and Increased Light Competition Will Lead to 21st Century Shrub Expansion in North American Arctic Tundra Mekonnen, Zelalem A.; Riley, William J.; Grant, Robert F. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 123, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JG004319	journal	May 2018
Impacts of Subsurface Tile Drainage on Age—Concentration Dynamics of Inorganic Nitrogen in Soil Woo, Dong K.; Kumar, Praveen Water Resources Research, Vol. 55, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024139	journal	February 2019
Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties Clapp, Roger B.; Hornberger, George M. Water Resources Research, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR014i004p00601	journal	August 1978
Solutions for a cultivated planet Foley, Jonathan A.; Ramankutty, Navin; Brauman, Kate A. Nature, Vol. 478, Issue 7369 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10452	journal	October 2011
Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Gerber, James S.; Johnston, Matt Nature, Vol. 490, Issue 7419 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11420	journal	August 2012
Field Performance of Elite Transgenic Maize Plants Expressing an Insecticidal Protein Derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Koziel, Michael G.; Beland, Gary L.; Bowman, Cindy Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0293-194	journal	February 1993
Molecular technologies for biodiversity evaluation: Opportunities and challenges Karp, Angela; Edwards, Keith J.; Bruford, Mike Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 15, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0797-625	journal	July 1997
Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation Bajželj, Bojana; Richards, Keith S.; Allwood, Julian M. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2353	journal	August 2014
How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world Erisman, Jan Willem; Sutton, Mark A.; Galloway, James Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo325	journal	September 2008
Integrated crop management practices for maximizing grain yield of double-season rice crop Wang, Depeng; Huang, Jianliang; Nie, Lixiao Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38982	journal	January 2017
Is there an optimal root architecture for nitrate capture in leaching environments?: Root architecture and nitrate capture Dunbabin, V.; Diggle, A.; Rengel, Z. Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 26, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01015.x	journal	May 2003
Capillary Conduction of Liquids Through Porous Mediums Richards, L. A. Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745010	journal	November 1931
Root and shoot growth by seedlings of annual and perennial medic, and annual and perennial wheat Ward, P. R.; Palta, J. A.; Waddell, H. A. Crop and Pasture Science, Vol. 62, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP10392	journal	January 2011
Genetic variability for root morph-architecture traits and root growth dynamics as related to phosphorus efficiency in soybean Ao, Junhua; Fu, Jiabing; Tian, Jiang Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 37, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09215	journal	January 2010
Root hydraulics in salt-stressed wheat Fricke, Wieland; Bijanzadeh, Ehsan; Emam, Yahya Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 41, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP13219	journal	January 2014
Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture Tilman, D.; Balzer, C.; Hill, J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108	journal	November 2011
Can sub-Saharan Africa feed itself? van Ittersum, Martin K.; van Bussel, Lenny G. J.; Wolf, Joost Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610359113	journal	December 2016
Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Lowland rice as Influenced by Ammonium Sulfate and urea Fertilization Fageria, N. K.; dos Santos, A. B.; Coelho, A. M. Journal of Plant Nutrition, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.536879	journal	January 2011
Crop improvement in the 21st century Miflin, Ben Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 51, Issue 342 https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.342.1	journal	January 2000
Selectable traits to increase crop photosynthesis and yield of grain crops Richards, R. A. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 51, Issue suppl_1 https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.suppl_1.447	journal	February 2000
Raising yield potential of wheat. III. Optimizing partitioning to grain while maintaining lodging resistance Foulkes, M. J.; Slafer, G. A.; Davies, W. J. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq300	journal	October 2010
Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China Fan, M.; Shen, J.; Yuan, L. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 63, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err248	journal	September 2011
Rightsizing root phenotypes for drought resistance Lynch, Jonathan P. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 69, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery048	journal	February 2018
Root-Shoot Interactions: Functional Equilibria for Nutrient Uptake in Peach (Prunuspersica L. Batsch.) Richards, D. Annals of Botany, Vol. 42, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085543	journal	September 1978
A Growth Model of Root Mass and Vertical Distribution, Dependent on Carbon Substrate from Photosynthesis and with Non-limiting Soil Conditions Brugge, R.; Thornley, J. H. M. Annals of Botany, Vol. 55, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086931	journal	April 1985
Optimizing nutrient management for farm systems Goulding, Keith; Jarvis, Steve; Whitmore, Andy Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 363, Issue 1491 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2177	journal	July 2007
Increasing Crop Productivity to Meet Global Needs for Feed, Food, and Fuel Edgerton, Michael D. Plant Physiology, Vol. 149, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.130195	journal	January 2009
GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR5 Stimulates Arabidopsis Chloroplast Division, Photosynthesis, and Leaf Longevity Vercruyssen, Liesbeth; Tognetti, Vanesa B.; Gonzalez, Nathalie Plant Physiology, Vol. 167, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.256180	journal	January 2015
Root Tip Shape Governs Root Elongation Rate under Increased Soil Strength Colombi, Tino; Kirchgessner, Norbert; Walter, Achim Plant Physiology, Vol. 174, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00357	journal	June 2017
Simultaneous improvement in productivity, water use, and albedo through crop structural modification Drewry, Darren T.; Kumar, Praveen; Long, Stephen P. Global Change Biology, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12567	journal	April 2014
Decreasing, not increasing, leaf area will raise crop yields under global atmospheric change Srinivasan, Venkatraman; Kumar, Praveen; Long, Stephen P. Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13526	journal	September 2016
Can improvement in photosynthesis increase crop yields? Long, Stephen P.; Zhu, Xin-Guang; Naidu, Shawna L. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01493.x	journal	March 2006
Comparing the Palmer Drought Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index Guttman, Nathaniel B. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05964.x	journal	February 1998
Improving crop nutrient efficiency through root architecture modifications: Nutrient efficiency and root architecture Li, Xinxin; Zeng, Rensen; Liao, Hong Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, Vol. 58, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12434	journal	November 2015
Breeding for increased nitrogen-use efficiency: a review for wheat ( T. aestivum L.) Cormier, Fabien; Foulkes, John; Hirel, Bertrand Plant Breeding, Vol. 135, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12371	journal	May 2016
Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Needs for Food Security in 2030 Lobell, D. B.; Burke, M. B.; Tebaldi, C. Science, Vol. 319, Issue 5863 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152339	journal	February 2008
Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People Godfray, H. C. J.; Beddington, J. R.; Crute, I. R. Science, Vol. 327, Issue 5967 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383	journal	January 2010
Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since 1980 Lobell, D. B.; Schlenker, W.; Costa-Roberts, J. Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6042 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204531	journal	May 2011
World population stabilization unlikely this century Gerland, P.; Raftery, A. E.; ev ikova, H. Science, Vol. 346, Issue 6206 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257469	journal	September 2014
Eutrophication will increase during the 21st century as a result of precipitation changes Sinha, E.; Michalak, A. M.; Balaji, V. Science, Vol. 357, Issue 6349 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2409	journal	July 2017
Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis in Nature Long, S. P.; Humphries, S.; Falkowski, P. G. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.45.060194.003221	journal	June 1994
A Nonparametric Multivariate Multi-Index Drought Monitoring Framework Hao, Zengchao; AghaKouchak, Amir Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-0160.1	journal	February 2014
Fertilizing Nature: A Tragedy of Excess in the Commons Good, Allen G.; Beatty, Perrin H. PLoS Biology, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001124	journal	August 2011
Conserving the Birds of Uganda’s Banana-Coffee Arc: Land Sparing and Land Sharing Compared Hulme, Mark F.; Vickery, Juliet A.; Green, Rhys E. PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054597	journal	February 2013
Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050 Ray, Deepak K.; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; West, Paul C. PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066428	journal	June 2013
Global Agricultural Land Resources – A High Resolution Suitability Evaluation and Its Perspectives until 2100 under Climate Change Conditions Zabel, Florian; Putzenlechner, Birgitta; Mauser, Wolfram PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107522	journal	September 2014
Mathematical Modeling of the Dynamics of Shoot-Root Interactions and Resource Partitioning in Plant Growth Feller, Chrystel; Favre, Patrick; Janka, Ales PLOS ONE, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127905	journal	July 2015
Resilience in Agriculture through Crop Diversification: Adaptive Management for Environmental Change Lin, Brenda B. BioScience, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4	journal	March 2011
A Workshop Report on Wheat Genome Sequencing: International Genome Research on Wheat Consortium Gill, Bikram S.; Appels, Rudi; Botha-Oberholster, Anna-Maria Genetics, Vol. 168, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.034769	journal	October 2004
Nutritive influences on the distribution of dry matter in the plant. Brouwer, R. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v10i5.17581	journal	December 1962
The fate of nitrogen in grain cropping systems: a meta-analysis of ¹⁵ N field experiments Gardner, Jennifer B.; Drinkwater, Laurie E. Ecological Applications, Vol. 19, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1122.1	journal	December 2009
Understanding Global and Historical Nutrient Use Efficiencies for Closing Maize Yield Gaps Ciampitti, Ignacio A.; Vyn, Tony J. Agronomy Journal, Vol. 106, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0025	journal	November 2014
Carbon Dioxide Effects on Crop Energy Balance: Testing ecosys with a Free‐Air CO ₂ Enrichment (FACE) Experiment Grant, Robert F.; Kimball, Bruce A.; Pinter, Paul J. Agronomy Journal, Vol. 87, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700030010x	journal	May 1995
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Cereal Production Raun, William R.; Johnson, Gordon V. Agronomy Journal, Vol. 91, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.00021962009100030001x	journal	January 1999
Controlled Warming Effects on Wheat Growth and Yield: Field Measurements and Modeling Grant, R. F.; Kimball, B. A.; Conley, M. M. Agronomy Journal, Vol. 103, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2011.0158	journal	January 2011
Exploring Nitrogen Limitation for Historical and Modern Soybean Genotypes Ortez, O. A.; Salvagiotti, F.; Enrico, J. M. Agronomy Journal, Vol. 110, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.04.0271	journal	September 2018
Applicability of Models to Predict Phosphorus Losses in Drained Fields: A Review Radcliffe, David E.; Reid, D. Keith; Blombäck, Karin Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 44, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.05.0220	journal	January 2015
Interactions between Carbon Dioxide and Water Deficits Affecting Leaf Photosynthesis: Simulation and Testing Grant, Robert F. Crop Science, Vol. 32, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1992.0011183X003200060003x	journal	November 1992
Leaf Posture , Grain Yield, Growth, Leaf Structure, and Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Wheat Araus, José L.; Reynolds, Mathew P.; Acevedo, Edmundo Crop Science, Vol. 33, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300060032x	journal	November 1993
Inorganic Phosphorus Transformation and Transport in Soils: Mathematical Modeling in ecosys Grant, R. F.; Heaney, D. J. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030008x	journal	May 1997
Soil Water Characteristic Estimates by Texture and Organic Matter for Hydrologic Solutions Saxton, K. E.; Rawls, W. J. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 70, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0117	journal	January 2006
Maximizing wheat yield through integrated use of farmyard manure and fertilizers Tripathi, Sc; Chander, Subhash; Meena, Raj Pal SAARC Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i1.29580	journal	September 2016
Acclimation of Biochemical and Diffusive Components of Photosynthesis in Rice, Wheat, and Maize to Heat and Water Deficit: Implications for Modeling Photosynthesis Perdomo, Juan A.; Carmo-Silva, Elizabete; Hermida-Carrera, Carmen Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01719	journal	November 2016
Optimizing Winter Wheat Resilience to Climate Change in Rain Fed Crop Systems of Turkey and Iran Lopes, Marta S.; Royo, Conxita; Alvaro, Fanny Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00563	journal	May 2018
Modelling changes in nitrogen cycling to sustain increases in forest productivity under elevated atmospheric CO ₂ and contrasting site conditions Grant, R. F. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7703-2013	journal	January 2013
Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance Lu, Chaoqun; Tian, Hanqin Earth System Science Data, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-181-2017	journal	January 2017
Water and nutrient balances in a large tile-drained agricultural catchment: a distributed modeling study Li, H.; Sivapalan, M.; Tian, F. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 14, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2259-2010	journal	January 2010

Similar Records

Airborne hyperspectral imaging of nitrogen deficiency on crop traits and yield of maize by machine learning and radiative transfer modeling

Journal Article · Fri Dec 24 23:00:00 EST 2021 · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · OSTI ID:1842343

Whole-plant phenotypic engineering: moving beyond ratios for multi-objective optimization of nutrient use efficiency

Journal Article · Sun Jan 30 23:00:00 EST 2022 · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · OSTI ID:1854477

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Impoverishing Roots Will Improve Wheat Yield and Profitability Through Increased Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies

Citation Formats

References (100)

Similar Records

Related Subjects