Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
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- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven (Germany); ICE Collaboration
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, Germany
- Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
- CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias del Espacio (ICE-CSIC/IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Victoria University of Wellington, Antarctic Research Centre, Wellington, New Zealand
- CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA;Integrated Remote and In Situ Sampling, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA;NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- The Electro Science Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA;University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany;Center for Earth System Sustainability, Institute of Oceanography, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany;University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA;NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway;Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Institute for Geosciences and Environmental Research (IGE), CNRS/Univ. Grenoble Alpes/IRD/G-INP, Grenoble, France
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Flight Guidance, Braunschweig, Germany
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science of the MNR, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Geographie, Kiel, Germany
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway;University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Takuvik Joint International Laboratory, Laval University (Canada)-CNRS (France), Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA;U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, Wainwright, AK, USA
- University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- German Aerospace Center DLR, Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Neustrelitz, Germany
- Naval Postgraduate School and Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, USA
- National Space Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
- University College London, London, UK
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland;École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.
- Research Organization:
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Center; Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Earth and Environmental Systems Science Division
- Contributing Organization:
- ICE Collaboration
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0019251; SC0021341; 80NSSC20K0658
- OSTI ID:
- 1844399
- Alternate ID(s):
- OSTI ID: 1870282
- Journal Information:
- Elementa, Vol. 10, Issue 1; ISSN 2325-1026
- Publisher:
- University of California PressCopyright Statement
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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