Comparative evaluation of analogue front-end designs for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC

Adam, W.; Bergauer, T.; Blöch, D.; Dragicevic, M.; Frühwirth, R.; Hinger, V.; Steininger, H.; Beaumont, W.; Di Croce, D.; Janssen, X.; Kello, T.; Lelek, A.; Van Mechelen, P.; Van Putte, S.; Van Remortel, N.; Blekman, F.; Delcourt, M.; D’Hondt, J.; Lowette, S.; Moortgat, S.; Morton, A.; Muller, D.; Sahasransu, A. R.; Sørensen Bols, E.; Allard, Y.; Beghin, D.; Bilin, B.; Clerbaux, B.; De Lentdecker, G.; Deng, W.; Favart, L.; Grebenyuk, A.; Hohov, D.; Kalsi, A.; Khalilzadeh, A.; Mahdavikhorrami, M.; Makarenko, I.; Moureaux, L.; Popov, A.; Postiau, N.; Robert, F.; Song, Z.; Thomas, L.; Vanlaer, P.; Vannerom, D.; Wang, Q.; Wang, H.; Yang, Y.; Bethani, A.; Bruno, G.; Bury, F.; Caputo, C.; David, P.; Deblaere, A.; Delaere, C.; Donertas, I. S.; Giammanco, A.; Lemaitre, V.; Mondal, K.; Prisciandaro, J.; Szilasi, N.; Taliercio, A.; Teklishyn, M.; Vischia, P.; Wertz, S.; Brigljević, V.; Ferenček, D.; Majumder, D.; Mishra, S.; Roguljić, M.; Starodumov, A.; Šuša, T.; Eerola, P.; Brücken, E.; Lampén, T.; Martikainen, L.; Tuominen, E.; Luukka, P.; Tuuva, T.; Agram, J. -L.; Andrea, J.; Apparu, D.; Bloch, D.; Bonnin, C.; Bourgatte, G.; Brom, J. -M.; Chabert, E.; Charles, L.; Collard, C.; Dangelser, E.; Darej, D.; Goerlach, U.; Grimault, C.; Gross, L.; Haas, C.; Krauth, M.; Nibigira, E.; Ollivier-Henry, N.; Silva Jiménez, E.; Asilar, E.; Baulieu, G.; Boudoul, G.; Caponetto, L.; Chanon, N.; Contardo, D.; Dené, P.; Dupasquier, T.; Galbit, G.; Jain, S.; Lumb, N.; Mirabito, L.; Nodari, B.; Perries, S.; Vander Donckt, M.; Viret, S.; Feld, L.; Karpinski, W.; Klein, K.; Lipinski, M.; Louis, D.; Meuser, D.; Pauls, A.; Pierschel, G.; Rauch, M.; Röwert, N.; Schulz, J.; Teroerde, M.; Wlochal, M.; Dziwok, C.; Fluegge, G.; Pooth, O.; Stahl, A.; Ziemons, T.; Cheng, C.; Connor, P.; De Wit, A.; Eckerlin, G.; Eckstein, D.; Gallo, E.; Guthoff, M.; Harb, A.; Kleinwort, C.; Mankel, R.; Maser, H.; Meyer, M.; Muhl, C.; Mussgiller, A.; Otarid, Y.; Pitzl, D.; Reichelt, O.; Savitskyi, M.; Stever, R.; Tonon, N.; Velyka, A.; Walsh, R.; Wang, Q.; Zuber, A.; Benecke, A.; Biskop, H.; Buhmann, P.; Eich, M.; Feindt, F.; Froehlich, A.; Garutti, E.; Gunnellini, P.; Hajheidari, M.; Haller, J.; Hinzmann, A.; Jabusch, H.; Kasieczka, G.; Klanner, R.; Kutzner, V.; Lange, T.; Martens, S.; Mrowietz, M.; Niemeyer, C.; Nissan, Y.; Pena, K.; Rieger, O.; Schleper, P.; Schwandt, J.; Schwarz, D.; Sonneveld, J.; Steinbrück, G.; Tews, A.; Vormwald, B.; Wellhausen, J.; Zoi, I.; Abbas, M.; Ardila, L.; Balzer, M.; Barvich, T.; Blank, T.; Butz, E.; Caselle, M.; De Boer, W.; Dierlamm, A.; Droll, A.; El Morabit, K.; Hartmann, F.; Husemann, U.; Koppenhöfer, R.; Maier, S.; Mallows, S.; Mehner, T.; Metzler, M.; Müller-Gosewisch, J. -O.; Muller, Th; Neufeld, M.; Nürnberg, A.; Sander, O.; Schröder, M.; Shvetsov, I.; Simonis, H. -J.; Stanulla, J.; Steck, P.; Wassmer, M.; Weber, M.; Weddigen, A.; Wittig, F.; Anagnostou, G.; Assiouras, P.; Daskalakis, G.; Kazas, I.; Kyriakis, A.; Loukas, D.; Balázs, T.; Márton, K.; Siklér, F.; Veszprémi, V.; Das, A.; Kar, C.; Mal, P.; Mohanty, R.; Saha, P.; Swain, S.; Bhardwaj, A.; Jain, C.; Jain, G.; Kumar, A.; Ranjan, K.; Saumya, S.; Bhattacharya, R.; Dutta, S.; Palit, P.; Saha, G.; Sarkar, S.; Cariola, P.; Creanza, D.; de Palma, M.; De Robertis, G.; Fiore, L.; Ince, M.; Loddo, F.; Maggi, G.; Martiradonna, S.; Mongelli, M.; My, S.; Selvaggi, G.; Silvestris, L.; Albergo, S.; Costa, S.; Di Mattia, A.; Potenza, R.; Saizu, M. 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doi:10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12014

Comparative evaluation of analogue front-end designs for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC

Journal Article · Mon Dec 13 00:00:00 EST 2021 · Journal of Instrumentation

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12014· OSTI ID:1838472

Adam, W.; Bergauer, T.; Blöch, D.; Dragicevic, M.; Frühwirth, R.; Hinger, V.; Steininger, H.; Beaumont, W.; Di Croce, D.; Janssen, X.; Kello, T.; Lelek, A.; Van Mechelen, P.; Van Putte, S.; Van Remortel, N.; Blekman, F.; Delcourt, M.; D’Hondt, J.; Lowette, S.; Moortgat, S. more »

The CMS Inner Tracker, made of silicon pixel modules, will be entirely replaced prior to the start of the High Luminosity LHC period. One of the crucial components of the new Inner Tracker system is the readout chip, being developed by the RD53 Collaboration, and in particular its analogue front-end, which receives the signal from the sensor and digitizes it. Three different analogue front-ends (Synchronous, Linear, and Differential) were designed and implemented in the RD53A demonstrator chip. A dedicated evaluation program was carried out to select the most suitable design to build a radiation tolerant pixel detector able to sustain high particle rates with high efficiency and a small fraction of spurious pixel hits. The test results showed that all three analogue front-ends presented strong points, but also limitations. The Differential front-end demonstrated very low noise, but the threshold tuning became problematic after irradiation. Moreover, a saturation in the preamplifier feedback loop affected the return of the signal to baseline and thus increased the dead time. The Synchronous front-end showed very good timing performance, but also higher noise. For the Linear front-end all of the parameters were within specification, although this design had the largest time walk. This limitation was addressed and mitigated in an improved design. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the three front-ends in the context of the CMS Inner Tracker operation requirements led to the selection of the improved design Linear front-end for integration in the final CMS readout chip.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Contributing Organization:: Tracker Group of the CMS Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359

OSTI ID:: 1838472

Report Number(s):: FERMILAB-PUB--21-744-CMS; arXiv:2105.00070; oai:inspirehep.net:1861696

Journal Information:: Journal of Instrumentation, Journal Name: Journal of Instrumentation Journal Issue: 12 Vol. 16; ISSN 1748-0221

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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