AGNs on the Move: A Search for Off-nuclear AGNs from Recoiling Supermassive Black Holes and Ongoing Galaxy Mergers with the Zwicky Transient Facility

Ward, Charlotte; Gezari, Suvi; Frederick, Sara; Hammerstein, Erica; Nugent, Peter; van Velzen, Sjoert; Drake, Andrew; García-Pérez, Abigail; Oyoo, Immaculate; Bellm, Eric C.; Duev, Dmitry A.; Graham, Matthew J.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Kaye, Stephen; Mahabal, Ashish A.; Masci, Frank J.; Rusholme, Ben; Soumagnac, Maayane T.; Yan, Lin

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf246

AGNs on the Move: A Search for Off-nuclear AGNs from Recoiling Supermassive Black Holes and Ongoing Galaxy Mergers with the Zwicky Transient Facility

Journal Article · Fri May 28 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abf246· OSTI ID:1836258

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[3]; van Velzen, Sjoert ^[4]; Drake, Andrew ^[5]; García-Pérez, Abigail ^[6]; Oyoo, Immaculate ^[7]; ^[8]; ^[5]; ^[5]; ^[5]; Kaye, Stephen ^[5]; ^[5]; ^[5]; ^[5]; ^[9]; ^[5]

Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); New York Univ. (NYU), NY (United States)
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Inst. Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica, Puebla (Mexico)
Prince George's Community College, Largo, MD (United States)
Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot (Israel)

A supermassive black hole (SMBH) ejected from the potential well of its host galaxy via gravitational wave recoil carries important information about the mass ratio and spin alignment of the pre-merger SMBH binary. Such a recoiling SMBH may be detectable as an active galactic nucleus (AGN) broad-line region offset by up to 10 kpc from a disturbed host galaxy. We describe a novel methodology using forward modeling with The Tractor to search for such offset AGNs in a sample of 5493 optically variable AGNs detected with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). We present the discovery of nine AGNs that may be spatially offset from their host galaxies and are candidates for recoiling SMBHs. Five of these offset AGNs exhibit double-peaked broad Balmer lines, which may have arisen from unobscured accretion disk emission, and four show radio emission indicative of a relativistic jet. The fraction of double-peaked emitters in our spatially offset AGN sample is significantly larger than the 16% double-peaked emitter fraction observed for ZTF AGNs overall. In our sample of variable AGNs we also identified 52 merging galaxies, including a new spectroscopically confirmed dual AGN. Finally, we detected the dramatic rebrightening of SDSS 1133, a previously discovered variable object and recoiling SMBH candidate, in ZTF. The flare was accompanied by the reemergence of strong P Cygni line features, indicating that SDSS 1133 may be an outbursting luminous blue variable star.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1836258

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 23155674

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 913; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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The Recoiling Black Hole Candidate 3C 186: Spatially Resolved Quasar Feedback and Further Evidence of a Blueshifted Broad-line Region Chiaberge, Marco; Tremblay, Grant R.; Capetti, Alessandro The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac48b	journal	July 2018
Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Identifies an r _p = 1 Kpc Dual Active Galactic Nucleus in the Minor Galaxy Merger SDSS J0924+0510 at z = 0.1495 Liu, Xin; Guo, Hengxiao; Shen, Yue The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac9cb	journal	July 2018
Identifying AGNs in Low-mass Galaxies via Long-term Optical Variability Baldassare, Vivienne F.; Geha, Marla; Greene, Jenny The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae6cf	journal	December 2018
The Impact of Stripped Nuclei on the Supermassive Black Hole Number Density in the Local Universe Voggel, Karina T.; Seth, Anil C.; Baumgardt, Holger The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf735	journal	January 2019
The First Tidal Disruption Flare in ZTF: From Photometric Selection to Multi-wavelength Characterization van Velzen, Sjoert; Gezari, Suvi; Cenko, S. Bradley The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafe0c	journal	February 2019
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products Ivezić, Željko; Kahn, Steven M.; Tyson, J. Anthony The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c	journal	March 2019
A New Sample of (Wandering) Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies from High-resolution Radio Observations Reines, Amy E.; Condon, James J.; Darling, Jeremy The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 888, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4999	journal	January 2020
Varstrometry for Off-nucleus and Dual Subkiloparsec AGN (VODKA): Methodology and Initial Results with Gaia DR2 Hwang, Hsiang-Chih; Shen, Yue; Zakamska, Nadia The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 888, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5c1a	journal	January 2020
A Search for Optical AGN Variability in 35,000 Low-mass Galaxies with the Palomar Transient Factory Baldassare, Vivienne F.; Geha, Marla; Greene, Jenny The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 896, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab8936	journal	June 2020
Seventeen Tidal Disruption Events from the First Half of ZTF Survey Observations: Entering a New Era of Population Studies van Velzen, Sjoert; Gezari, Suvi; Hammerstein, Erica The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 908, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc258	journal	February 2021
SDSS J1056+5516: A Triple AGN or an SMBH Recoil Candidate? Kalfountzou, E.; Lleo, M. Santos; Trichas, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9b2d	journal	December 2017
Varstrometry for Off-nucleus and Dual Sub-Kpc AGN (VODKA): How Well Centered Are Low- z AGN? Shen, Yue; Hwang, Hsiang-Chih; Zakamska, Nadia The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab4b54	journal	October 2019
The Curious Case of PHL 293B: A Long-lived Transient in a Metal-poor Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy Burke, Colin J.; Baldassare, Vivienne F.; Liu, Xin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 894, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab88de	journal	April 2020
Hidden AGNs in Dwarf Galaxies Revealed by MaNGA: Light Echoes, Off-nuclear Wanderers, and a New Broad-line AGN Mezcua, Mar; Domínguez Sánchez, Helena The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 898, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aba199	journal	July 2020

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