Skip to main content
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

An overview of magneto-inertial fusion on the Z Machine at Sandia National Laboratories

Journal Article · · Nuclear Fusion
We present an overview of the magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) concept MagLIF (Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion) pursued at Sandia National Laboratories and review some of the most prominent results since the initial experiments in 2013. In MagLIF, a centimeter-scale beryllium tube or "liner" is filled with a fusion fuel, axially pre-magnetized, laser pre-heated, and finally imploded using up to 20 MA from the Z machine. All of these elements are necessary to generate a thermonuclear plasma: laser preheating raises the initial temperature of the fuel, the electrical current implodes the liner and quasi-adiabatically compresses the fuel via the Lorentz force, and the axial magnetic field limits thermal conduction from the hot plasma to the cold liner walls during the implosion. MagLIF is the first MIF concept to demonstrate fusion relevant temperatures, significant fusion production (>10^13 primary DD neutron yield), and magnetic trapping of charged fusion particles. On a 60 MA next-generation pulsed-power machine, two-dimensional simulations suggest that MagLIF has the potential to generate multi-MJ yields with significant self-heating, a long-term goal of the US Stockpile Stewardship Program. At currents exceeding 65 MA, the high gains required for fusion energy could be achievable.
Research Organization:
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Grant/Contract Number:
NA0003525
OSTI ID:
1834113
Report Number(s):
SAND--2021-14951J; 702038
Journal Information:
Nuclear Fusion, Journal Name: Nuclear Fusion Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 62; ISSN 0029-5515
Publisher:
IOP ScienceCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (111)

Technical Summary of the First U.S. Plasma Jet Workshop journal August 2008
The Role of Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion as a Pathway to Fusion Energy journal November 2015
Retrospective of the ARPA-E ALPHA Fusion Program journal October 2019
Inertial fusion reactors using Compact Fusion Advanced Rankine (CFARII) MHD conversion journal April 1993
Changes in the electronic structure of highly compressed iron revealed by X-ray fluorescence lines and absorption edges journal September 2017
Laser Compression of Matter to Super-High Densities: Thermonuclear (CTR) Applications journal September 1972
Low mass recyclable transmission lines for Z-pinch driven inertial fusion journal February 2003
Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities of a Collapsing Cylindrical Shell in a Magnetic Field journal January 1962
Pulsed-power-driven high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion research journal May 2005
Thermal instability during an electrical wire explosion journal September 2008
Study of the strata formation during the explosion of a wire in vacuum journal October 2008
Pulsed-power-driven cylindrical liner implosions of laser preheated fuel magnetized with an axial field journal May 2010
National Ignition Campaign Hohlraum energetics journal May 2010
Measurements of magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability growth during the implosion of initially solid metal liners journal May 2011
Electrothermal instability growth in magnetically driven pulsed power liners journal September 2012
Simulations of electrothermal instability growth in solid aluminum rods journal May 2013
Beryllium liner implosion experiments on the Z accelerator in preparation for magnetized liner inertial fusion journal May 2013
Modified helix-like instability structure on imploding z-pinch liners that are pre-imposed with a uniform axial magnetic field journal May 2014
Theory of hydro-equivalent ignition for inertial fusion and its applications to OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility journal May 2014
Design of magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments using the Z facility journal July 2014
Pulsed-coil magnet systems for applying uniform 10–30 T fields to centimeter-scale targets on Sandia's Z facility journal December 2014
Effect of axial magnetic flux compression on the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability (theory) conference January 2014
Coupling of sausage, kink, and magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in a cylindrical liner journal March 2015
A semi-analytic model of magnetized liner inertial fusion journal May 2015
Demonstration of thermonuclear conditions in magnetized liner inertial fusion experimentsa) journal May 2015
Effects of magnetization on fusion product trapping and secondary neutron spectraa) journal May 2015
Diagnosing magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments on Za) journal May 2015
Instability growth for magnetized liner inertial fusion seeded by electro-thermal, electro-choric, and material strength effects journal October 2015
Technique for fabrication of ultrathin foils in cylindrical geometry for liner-plasma implosion experiments with sub-megaampere currents journal November 2015
Diagnosing laser-preheated magnetized plasmas relevant to magnetized liner inertial fusion journal December 2015
Bell-Plesset effects in Rayleigh-Taylor instability of finite-thickness spherical and cylindrical shells journal December 2015
Exploring magnetized liner inertial fusion with a semi-analytic model journal January 2016
Scaling magnetized liner inertial fusion on Z and future pulsed-power accelerators journal February 2016
Helical plasma striations in liners in the presence of an external axial magnetic field journal February 2016
Seeded and unseeded helical modes in magnetized, non-imploding cylindrical liner-plasmas journal October 2016
Discrete helical modes in imploding and exploding cylindrical, magnetized liners journal December 2016
Auto-magnetizing liners for magnetized inertial fusion journal January 2017
Direct measurement of the inertial confinement time in a magnetically driven implosion journal April 2017
Laser-driven magnetized liner inertial fusion on OMEGA journal May 2017
Laser-driven magnetized liner inertial fusion journal June 2017
Development of a cryogenically cooled platform for the Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) Program journal September 2017
Minimizing scatter-losses during pre-heat for magneto-inertial fusion targets journal February 2018
The electro-thermal stability of tantalum relative to aluminum and titanium in cylindrical liner ablation experiments at 550 kA journal March 2018
Evolution of sausage and helical modes in magnetized thin-foil cylindrical liners driven by a Z-pinch journal May 2018
Fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy for warm dense matter studies and ICF plasma diagnostics journal May 2018
Megagauss-level magnetic field production in cm-scale auto-magnetizing helical liners pulsed to 500 kA in 125 ns journal May 2018
Helical instability in MagLIF due to axial flux compression by low-density plasma journal June 2018
Laser entrance window transmission and reflection measurements for preheating in magnetized liner inertial fusion journal June 2018
One dimensional imager of neutrons on the Z machine journal October 2018
Scaling of magnetized inertial fusion with drive current rise-time journal August 2018
Diagnosing and mitigating laser preheat induced mix in MagLIF journal November 2018
Enhancing performance of magnetized liner inertial fusion at the Z facility journal November 2018
Origins and effects of mix on magnetized liner inertial fusion target performance journal January 2019
Inferring fuel areal density from secondary neutron yields in laser-driven magnetized liner inertial fusion journal February 2019
Ar and Kr on deuterium gas-puff staged Z-pinch implosions on a 1-MA driver: Experiment and simulation journal May 2019
Constraining preheat energy deposition in MagLIF experiments with multi-frame shadowgraphy journal March 2019
Implosion of auto-magnetizing helical liners on the Z facility journal May 2019
Design of dynamic screw pinch experiments for magnetized liner inertial fusion journal October 2019
On a variational formulation of the weakly nonlinear magnetic Rayleigh–Taylor instability journal February 2020
A conservative approach to scaling magneto-inertial fusion concepts to larger pulsed-power drivers journal June 2020
A pulsed-power implementation of “Laser Gate” for increasing laser energy coupling and fusion yield in magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) journal June 2020
Use of hydrodynamic theory to estimate electrical current redistribution in metals journal May 2020
Neutron yield enhancement and suppression by magnetization in laser-driven cylindrical implosions journal June 2020
Magnetohydrodynamic behavior of thermonuclear fuel in a preconditioned electron beam imploded target journal January 1981
Development of the indirect‐drive approach to inertial confinement fusion and the target physics basis for ignition and gain journal November 1995
Review of pulsed power-driven high energy density physics research on Z at Sandia journal July 2020
Quantification of MagLIF morphology using the Mallat scattering transformation journal November 2020
The effect of laser entrance hole foil thickness on MagLIF-relevant laser preheat journal November 2020
Scaling laser preheat for MagLIF with the Z-Beamlet laser journal January 2021
A time-resolved, in-chamber x-ray pinhole imager for Z journal March 2021
Seeding the explosion of a high-current-density conductor in a controlled manner through the addition of micron-scale surface defects journal July 2021
Deep-learning-enabled Bayesian inference of fuel magnetization in magnetized liner inertial fusion journal September 2021
Parameter space for magnetized fuel targets in inertial confinement fusion journal March 1983
Ignition conditions for magnetized target fusion in cylindrical geometry journal January 2000
Creation of a high-temperature plasma through merging and compression of supersonic field reversed configuration plasmoids journal April 2011
Recent magneto-inertial fusion experiments on the field reversed configuration heating experiment journal August 2013
Measuring implosion velocities in experiments and simulations of laser-driven cylindrical implosions on the OMEGA laser journal April 2018
A 3D dynamic model to assess the impacts of low-mode asymmetry, aneurysms and mix-induced radiative loss on capsule performance across inertial confinement fusion platforms journal December 2018
Activation of the Z-petawatt laser at Sandia National Laboratories journal May 2008
Fusion-neutron measurements for magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments on the Z accelerator journal May 2016
The instability of liquid surfaces when accelerated in a direction perpendicular to their planes. I journal March 1950
Neutron Production in Linear Deuterium Pinches journal June 1958
Experimental study of current loss and plasma formation in the Z machine post-hole convolute journal January 2017
Novel beryllium-scintillator, neutron-fluence detector for magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments journal April 2019
Multichannel, triaxial, neutron time-of-flight diagnostic for experiments at the Z facility journal February 2020
Anisotropy and feedthrough in magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability journal June 2011
Experimental observation of the stratified electrothermal instability on aluminum with thickness greater than a skin depth journal May 2018
Shock Ignition: A New Approach to High Gain Inertial Confinement Fusion on the National Ignition Facility journal July 2009
Measurements of Magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Growth during the Implosion of Initially Solid Al Tubes Driven by the 20-MA, 100-ns Z Facility journal October 2010
High-Gain Magnetized Inertial Fusion journal January 2012
Penetrating Radiography of Imploding and Stagnating Beryllium Liners on the Z Accelerator journal September 2012
Observations of Modified Three-Dimensional Instability Structure for Imploding z -Pinch Liners that are Premagnetized with an Axial Field journal December 2013
Electrothermal Instability Mitigation by Using Thick Dielectric Coatings on Magnetically Imploded Conductors journal April 2014
Experimental Demonstration of Fusion-Relevant Conditions in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion journal October 2014
Understanding Fuel Magnetization and Mix Using Secondary Nuclear Reactions in Magneto-Inertial Fusion journal October 2014
Experimental Demonstration of the Stabilizing Effect of Dielectric Coatings on Magnetically Accelerated Imploding Metallic Liners journal February 2016
Controlling Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities in Magnetically Driven Solid Metal Shells by Means of a Dynamic Screw Pinch journal November 2016
Sustained Neutron Production from a Sheared-Flow Stabilized Z Pinch journal April 2019
Stabilization of Liner Implosions via a Dynamic Screw Pinch journal July 2020
Performance Scaling in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion Experiments journal October 2020
Magnetically insulated inertial fusion: A new approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion journal January 1986
Conceptual designs of two petawatt-class pulsed-power accelerators for high-energy-density-physics experiments journal November 2015
Overview and Status of the Upgraded Z Pulsed Power Driver
  • Savage, Mark; LeChien, Keith; Stygar, William
  • 2008 IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference, 2008 IEEE International Power Modulators and High-Voltage Conference https://doi.org/10.1109/IPMC.2008.4743586
conference May 2008
Magnetically Driven Implosions for Inertial Confinement Fusion at Sandia National Laboratories journal December 2012
On the Evolution From Micrometer-Scale Inhomogeneity to Global Overheated Structure During the Intense Joule Heating of a z-Pinch Rod journal April 2017
A Primer on Pulsed Power and Linear Transformer Drivers for High Energy Density Physics Applications journal November 2018
The Electrothermal Instability on Pulsed Power Ablations of Thin Foils journal November 2018
Assessing Stagnation Conditions and Identifying Trends in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion journal May 2019
Investigation of the Character of the Equilibrium of an Incompressible Heavy Fluid of Variable Density journal November 1882
Nonlinear laser-plasma interaction in magnetized liner inertial fusion conference March 2016
Z-Beamlet: a multikilojoule, terawatt-class laser system journal January 2005

Similar Records

Scaling of magnetized inertial fusion with drive current rise-time
Journal Article · Mon Aug 13 20:00:00 EDT 2018 · Physics of Plasmas · OSTI ID:1467390

Laser-driven magnetized liner inertial fusion on OMEGA
Journal Article · Tue May 02 20:00:00 EDT 2017 · Physics of Plasmas · OSTI ID:1375642

Magneto-Inertial Approach to Direct-Drive Laser Fusion
Journal Article · Thu Feb 07 23:00:00 EST 2008 · Journal of Fusion Energy · OSTI ID:923148