Effects of strain, disorder, and Coulomb screening on free-carrier mobility in doped cadmium oxide

Piontkowski, Zachary T.; Runnerstrom, Evan L.; Cleri, Angela; McDonald, Anthony; Ihlefeld, Jon; Saltonstall, Christopher; Maria, Jon-Paul; Beechem, Thomas E.

doi:10.1063/5.0073345

Effects of strain, disorder, and Coulomb screening on free-carrier mobility in doped cadmium oxide

Journal Article · Wed Nov 17 23:00:00 EST 2021 · Journal of Applied Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0073345· OSTI ID:1834104

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[3]; ^[1]; ^[4]; ^[5]; Maria, Jon-Paul ^[3]; ^[6]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
DEVCOM US Army Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States)
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States)
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)

Here, the interplay of stress, disorder, and Coulomb screening dictating the mobility of doped cadmium oxide (CdO) is examined using Raman spectroscopy to identify the mechanisms driving dopant incorporation and scattering within this emerging infrared optical material. Specifically, multi-wavelength Raman and UV-vis spectroscopies are combined with electrical Hall measurements on a series of yttrium (X = Y) and indium (X = In) doped X:CdO thin-films. Hall measurements confirm n-type doping and establish carrier concentrations and mobilities. Spectral fitting along the low-frequency Raman combination bands, especially the TA+TO(X) mode, reveals that the evolution of strain and disorder within the lattice as a function of dopant concentration is strongly correlated with mobility. Coupling between the electronic and lattice environments was examined through analysis of first- and second-order longitudinal–optical phonon–plasmon coupled modes that monotonically decrease in energy and asymmetrically broaden with increasing dopant concentration. By fitting these trends to an impurity-induced Fröhlich model for the Raman scattering intensity, exciton–phonon and exciton–impurity coupling factors are quantified. These coupling factors indicate a continual decrease in the amount of ionized impurity scattering with increasing dopant concentration and are not as well correlated with mobility. This shows that lattice strain and disorder are the primary determining factors for mobility in donor-doped CdO. In aggregate, the study confirms previously postulated defect equilibrium arguments for dopant incorporation in CdO while at the same time identifying paths for its further refinement.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; US Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (ONR)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 1834104

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1831316

Report Number(s):: SAND--2021-14754J; 701852

Journal Information:: Journal of Applied Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Applied Physics Journal Issue: 19 Vol. 130; ISSN 0021-8979

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (52)

Broadband, High‐Speed, and Large‐Amplitude Dynamic Optical Switching with Yttrium‐Doped Cadmium Oxide Saha, Soham; Diroll, Benjamin T.; Shank, Joshua Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908377	journal	December 2019
Determination of the charge carrier concentration and mobility in n-gap by Raman spectroscopy Irmer, G.; Toporov, V. V.; Bairamov, B. H. physica status solidi (b), Vol. 119, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221190219	journal	October 1983
Two phonon density of states of MnO Sharma, T. P. Solid State Communications, Vol. 20, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(76)90426-9	journal	December 1976
Raman spectra in doped cadmium oxide Schaack, G.; Uhle, N. Solid State Communications, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(76)91340-5	journal	June 1976
Second-order Raman scattering of Lo-phonon-plasmon modes in GaAs1-xPx Irmer, G.; Herms, M.; Monecke, J. Solid State Communications, Vol. 87, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90334-J	journal	July 1993
The dopant density and temperature dependence of electron mobility and resistivity in n-type silicon Li, Sheng S.; Thurber, W. Robert Solid-State Electronics, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(77)90100-9	journal	July 1977
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Electron–Phonon Coupling in Zinc Selenide Quantum Dots Gong, Ke; Kelley, David F.; Kelley, Anne Myers The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b12202	journal	December 2016
Polaritonic Hybrid-Epsilon-near-Zero Modes: Beating the Plasmonic Confinement vs Propagation-Length Trade-Off with Doped Cadmium Oxide Bilayers Runnerstrom, Evan L.; Kelley, Kyle P.; Folland, Thomas G. Nano Letters, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04182	journal	December 2018
Epsilon-near-Zero Modes and Surface Plasmon Resonance in Fluorine-Doped Cadmium Oxide Thin Films Runnerstrom, Evan L.; Kelley, Kyle P.; Sachet, Edward ACS Photonics, Vol. 4, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00429	journal	July 2017
Multiple Epsilon-Near-Zero Resonances in Multilayered Cadmium Oxide: Designing Metamaterial-Like Optical Properties in Monolithic Materials Kelley, Kyle P.; Runnerstrom, Evan L.; Sachet, Edward ACS Photonics, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00367	journal	April 2019
CdO as the Archetypical Transparent Conducting Oxide. Systematics of Dopant Ionic Radius and Electronic Structure Effects on Charge Transport and Band Structure Yang, Yu; Jin, Shu; Medvedeva, Julia E. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja051272a	journal	June 2005
Sources of Conductivity and Doping Limits in CdO from Hybrid Density Functional Theory Burbano, Mario; Scanlon, David O.; Watson, Graeme W. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja204639y	journal	September 2011
Resonance Raman Overtone Intensities and Electron–Phonon Coupling Strengths in Semiconductor Nanocrystals Kelley, Anne Myers The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 117, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp400240y	journal	March 2013
Rotational Disorder in Twisted Bilayer Graphene Beechem, Thomas E.; Ohta, Taisuke; Diaconescu, Bogdan ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405999z	journal	January 2014
Dysprosium-doped cadmium oxide as a gateway material for mid-infrared plasmonics Sachet, Edward; Shelton, Christopher T.; Harris, Joshua S. Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4203	journal	February 2015
Femtosecond optical polarization switching using a cadmium oxide-based perfect absorber Yang, Yuanmu; Kelley, Kyle; Sachet, Edward Nature Photonics, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2017.64	journal	May 2017
Tuning the Fröhlich exciton-phonon scattering in monolayer MoS2 Miller, Bastian; Lindlau, Jessica; Bommert, Max Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08764-3	journal	February 2019
High-harmonic generation from an epsilon-near-zero material Yang, Yuanmu; Lu, Jian; Manjavacas, Alejandro Nature Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0584-7	journal	July 2019
Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of AlxGa1−xN thin films measured by the differential 3ω technique Liu, Weili; Balandin, Alexander A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1829168	journal	November 2004
Invited Article: Simultaneous mapping of temperature and stress in microdevices using micro-Raman spectroscopy Beechem, Thomas; Graham, Samuel; Kearney, Sean P. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 78, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2738946	journal	June 2007
Temperature and doping dependence of phonon lifetimes and decay pathways in GaN Beechem, Thomas; Graham, Samuel Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 103, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2912819	journal	May 2008
Assessment of stress contributions in GaN high electron mobility transistors of differing substrates using Raman spectroscopy Beechem, Thomas; Christensen, Adam; Green, D. S. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3267157	journal	December 2009
Raman scattering of cadmium oxide epilayers grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy Cuscó, R.; Ibáñez, J.; Domenech-Amador, N. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 107, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3357377	journal	March 2010
Raman scattering in polycrystalline silicon doped with boron Nakano, Noboru; Marville, Louis; Reif, Rafael Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 72, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.352307	journal	October 1992
Defect induced variation in vibrational and optoelectronic properties of nanocrystalline ZnO powders Šćepanović, Maja; Grujić-Brojčin, Mirjana; Vojisavljević, Katarina Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 109, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3525987	journal	February 2011
Ab initio calculations on structural, elastic and dynamic stability of CdO at high pressures Sahoo, B. D.; Joshi, K. D.; Gupta, Satish C. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 112, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4764899	journal	November 2012
High-pressure Raman scattering of CdO thin films grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy Oliva, R.; Ibáñez, J.; Artús, L. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4790383	journal	February 2013
Temperature-dependent optical properties of epitaxial CdO thin films determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman scattering Choi, S. G.; Gedvilas, L. M.; Hwang, S. Y. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4803876	journal	May 2013
Interplay between mass-impurity and vacancy phonon scattering effects on the thermal conductivity of doped cadmium oxide Donovan, Brian F.; Sachet, Edward; Maria, Jon-Paul Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4939652	journal	January 2016
High mobility yttrium doped cadmium oxide thin films Kelley, Kyle P.; Sachet, Edward; Shelton, Christopher T. APL Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4993799	journal	July 2017
Determining the nonparabolicity factor of the CdO conduction band using indium doping and the Drude theory Mendelsberg, Rueben J.; Zhu, Yuankun; Anders, André Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 45, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/45/42/425302	journal	October 2012
Dopant-induced band filling and bandgap renormalization in CdO : In films Zhu, Yuankun; Mendelsberg, Rueben J.; Zhu, Jiaqi Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/19/195102	journal	April 2013
Second-order Raman scattering in germanium in the vicinity of the E 1 , E 1 + Δ 1 edges Renucci, M. A.; Renucci, J. B.; Zeyher, R. Physical Review B, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.10.4309	journal	November 1974
Influence of spatial dispersion on spectral tuning of phonon-polaritons Beechem, Thomas E.; Saltonstall, Christopher B.; Gilbert, Tristan Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.205419	journal	November 2019
Multiphonon processes in YbS Merlin, R.; Güntherodt, G.; Humphreys, R. Physical Review B, Vol. 17, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.17.4951	journal	June 1978
Raman scattering by coupled LO-phonon—plasmon modes and forbidden TO-phonon Raman scattering in heavily doped p -type GaAs Olego, D.; Cardona, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 24, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.24.7217	journal	December 1981
Interference effects: A key to understanding forbidden Raman scattering by LO phonons in GaAs Menéndez, José; Cardona, Manuel Physical Review B, Vol. 31, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.31.3696	journal	March 1985
Doubly and triply resonant Raman scattering via electron – two-phonon and impurity-induced Fröhlich interactions in uniaxially stressed GaAs Alexandrou, A.; Trallero-Giner, C.; Kanellis, G. Physical Review B, Vol. 40, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.40.1013	journal	July 1989
Impurity-induced resonant Raman scattering Trallero-Giner, C.; Cantarero, A.; Cardona, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 45, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.45.6601	journal	March 1992
Forbidden one-LO-phonon resonant Raman scattering and multiphonon scattering in pure CdTe crystals Islam, S. S.; Rath, Shyama; Jain, K. P. Physical Review B, Vol. 46, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.46.4982	journal	August 1992
Raman-scattering study of exciton-phonon coupling in PbS nanocrystals Krauss, Todd D.; Wise, Frank W. Physical Review B, Vol. 55, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.55.9860	journal	April 1997
Light scattering by a multicomponent plasma coupled with longitudinal-optical phonons: Raman spectra of p -type GaAs:Zn Irmer, G.; Wenzel, M.; Monecke, J. Physical Review B, Vol. 56, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.56.9524	journal	October 1997
Infrared Absorption by Coupled Surface-Phonon-Surface-Plasmon Modes in Microcrystals of CdO Rieder, K. H.; Ishigame, M.; Genzel, L. Physical Review B, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.6.3804	journal	November 1972
Raman scattering by the longitudinal optical phonon in InN: Wave-vector nonconserving mechanisms Demangeot, F.; Pinquier, C.; Frandon, J. Physical Review B, Vol. 71, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.104305	journal	March 2005
Strain and charge carrier coupling in epitaxial graphene Schmidt, Diedrich A.; Ohta, Taisuke; Beechem, Thomas E. Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.235422	journal	December 2011
Phonon-induced second-order Raman scattering in LiF Sharma, T. P.; Kirby, R. D.; Jaswal, S. S. Physical Review B, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.9.1971	journal	February 1974
Calculation of second-order Raman scattering for KBr, NaCl, and MgO crystals Pasternak, A.; Cohen, E.; Gilat, G. Physical Review B, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.9.4584	journal	May 1974
Hydrogen in GaN: Novel Aspects of a Common Impurity Neugebauer, Jörg; Van de Walle, Chris G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 75, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4452	journal	December 1995
Ultraviolet to far-infrared dielectric function of n -doped cadmium oxide thin films Nolen, J. Ryan; Runnerstrom, Evan L.; Kelley, Kyle P. Physical Review Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.025202	journal	February 2020
Mid-wave to near-IR optoelectronic properties and epsilon-near-zero behavior in indium-doped cadmium oxide Cleri, Angela; Tomko, John; Quiambao-Tomko, Kathleen Physical Review Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.035202	journal	March 2021
Raman Spectroscopy of Nanocrystalline Ceria and Zirconia Thin Films Kosacki, Igor; Petrovsky, Vladimir; Anderson, Harlan U. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 85, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00509.x	journal	November 2002
Low-Loss Plasmonic Metamaterials Boltasseva, A.; Atwater, H. A. Science, Vol. 331, Issue 6015, p. 290-291 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1198258	journal	January 2011

Similar Records

Estimation of electron–phonon coupling and Urbach energy in group-I elements doped ZnO nanoparticles and thin films by sol–gel method

Journal Article · Sun May 15 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Materials Research Bulletin · OSTI ID:22581531

Related Subjects

42 ENGINEERING
Raman spectroscopy
doping
electronic transport
excitons
hall effect
lattice scattering
oxides
phonons
plasmons
transition metals

Effects of strain, disorder, and Coulomb screening on free-carrier mobility in doped cadmium oxide

Citation Formats

References (52)

Similar Records

Related Subjects