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Observations of Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Surface Radiation over the Southern Ocean: An Overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE, and SOCRATES

Journal Article · · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
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  1. Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States); CIWRO/SoM, University of Oklahoma
  2. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
  3. Univ. of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (Australia)
  4. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)
  5. Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA (United States); Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques, Toulouse (France)
  6. NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA (United States); Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA (United States)
  7. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
  8. Monash Univ., Melbourne, VIC (Australia)
  9. Univ. of Melbourne (Australia)
  10. Univ. of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, IL (United States)
  11. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States)
  12. Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States)
  13. Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States); Pusan National Univ., Busan (South Korea)
  14. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States); Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (Germany)
  15. Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (Germany)
  16. Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA (United States)
  17. Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Victoria (Australia)
  18. Queensland Univ. of Technology (Australia)
  19. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO (United States)
  20. Univ. of Tasmania (Australia)
  21. Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States)
  22. Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States); Beijing Normal Univ. (China)
  23. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States); Handix Scientific, Boulder, CO (United States)
  24. Peking Univ., Beijing (China)
  25. Monash Univ., Victoria (Australia)
  26. National Inst. of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington (New Zealand)
  27. Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch (New Zealand)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Weather and climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in simulating Southern Ocean (SO) radiative fluxes that trace to a poor understanding of cloud, aerosol, precipitation, and radiative processes, and their interactions. Projects between 2016 and 2018 used in situ probes, radar, lidar, and other instruments to make comprehensive measurements of thermodynamics, surface radiation, cloud, precipitation, aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and ice nucleating particles over the SO cold waters, and in ubiquitous liquid and mixed-phase clouds common to this pristine environment. Data including soundings were collected from the NSF–NCAR G-V aircraft flying north–south gradients south of Tasmania, at Macquarie Island, and on the R/V Investigator and RSV Aurora Australis. Synergistically these data characterize boundary layer and free troposphere environmental properties, and represent the most comprehensive data of this type available south of the oceanic polar front, in the cold sector of SO cyclones, and across seasons. Results show largely pristine environments with numerous small and few large aerosols above cloud, suggesting new particle formation and limited long-range transport from continents, high variability in CCN and cloud droplet concentrations, and ubiquitous supercooled water in thin, multilayered clouds, often with small-scale generating cells near cloud top. These observations demonstrate how cloud properties depend on aerosols while highlighting the importance of dynamics and turbulence that likely drive heterogeneity of cloud phase. Satellite retrievals confirmed low clouds were responsible for radiation biases. Furthermore, the combination of models and observations is examining how aerosols and meteorology couple to control SO water and energy budgets.

Research Organization:
Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0018626
OSTI ID:
1831153
Journal Information:
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Journal Name: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 102; ISSN 0003-0007
Publisher:
American Meteorological SocietyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Aerosol-cloud interaction
Cloud microphysics
Cloud radiative effects
Cloud water/phase
Radiation budgets
Southern Ocean