Modeling and mitigating airborne pathogen risk factors in school buses

Ho, Clifford K.; Binns, Royce

doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105663

Modeling and mitigating airborne pathogen risk factors in school buses

Journal Article · Mon Oct 25 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105663· OSTI ID:1827622

Ho, Clifford K. ^[1]; Binns, Royce ^[2]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Albuquerque Public Schools Transportation Center, Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were developed to simulate the impact of different ventilation scenarios on airborne exposure risks in a 72-passenger school bus. Here, scenarios and factors that were investigated included a moving vs. stationary bus, impacts of a heating unit within the bus, and impacts of alternative ventilation scenarios with different combinations of openings (e.g., windows, door, emergency hatch). Results of the simulations showed that when the bus was stationary, use of the heater increased receptor concentrations unless there was another opening. When the bus was moving, simulations with at least two sets of openings separated from each other in the forward and aft directions produced a through-flow condition that reduced concentrations via dilution from outside air by a factor of ten or more. A single opening in a moving bus generally increased concentrations throughout the cabin due to increased mixing with minimal ventilation. The cumulative exposure risk (time-averaged concentrations) was found to be inversely correlated to the air exchange rate. Stationary and moving-bus scenarios that yielded above ~20 air changes per hour resulted in the lowest cumulative exposures. Recommendations from this study were implemented in new safety and operating procedures by the Albuquerque Public Schools Transportation Center.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER) (SC-23)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 1827622

Report Number(s):: SAND--2021-13522J; 701154

Journal Information:: International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Journal Name: International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer Vol. 129; ISSN 0735-1933

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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