Recycled Cardboard Containers as a Low Energy Source for Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Use in Poly(l-lactide) Nanocomposites

Copenhaver, Katie; Li, Kai; Lamm, Meghan E.; Walker, Colleen; Johnson, Donna; Han, Yousoo; Wang, Lu; Zhao, Xianhui; Pu, Yunqiao Joseph; Hinton, Holly; Tekinalp, Halil; Bhagia, Samarthya; Ragauskas, Arthur J.; Gardner, Douglas J.; Ozcan, Soydan

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c03890

Recycled Cardboard Containers as a Low Energy Source for Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Use in Poly(l-lactide) Nanocomposites

Journal Article · Thu Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c03890· OSTI ID:1826032

^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Walker, Colleen ^[2]; Johnson, Donna ^[2]; Han, Yousoo ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Hinton, Holly ^[1]; Tekinalp, Halil ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[3]; ^[2]; ^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)

Cellulose nanomaterials have attracted a great deal of interest as sustainable alternatives to nonrenewable or fossil fuel-derived materials, particularly in composite applications. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are most often derived from wood sources through energy-intensive and costly mechanical fibrillation processes. Here, recycled cardboard, referred to as old corrugated cardboard (OCC), was investigated as an alternate CNF source. OCC is a recycled material that can be obtained at one-tenth the cost of the commonly used bleached softwood Kraft pulp and can be refined to similar levels with nearly one-half of the energy consumption. Additionally, the distinct composition and morphology of OCC-derived CNF provides a more favorable fiber–matrix interface and better reinforcement capabilities of the cellulose nanofibrils in polymer matrices, displaying an over 70% increase in tensile modulus at a loading of 40 wt % with no decrease in tensile strength. When paired with biobased poly(l-lactide) (PLLA), OCC-derived CNF is proven to be an attractive low-cost and low-energy reinforcing agent for sustainable, high performance nanocomposites.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Advanced Manufacturing Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1826032

Journal Information:: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Journal Name: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Journal Issue: 40 Vol. 9; ISSN 2168-0485

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (56)

Cellulose micro- and nanofibrils (CMNF) manufacturing - financial and risk assessment: Cellulose Micro- and Nanofibrils (CMNF) Manufacturing - Financial and Risk Assessment de Assis, Camilla Abbati; Iglesias, Maria Celeste; Bilodeau, Michael Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1835	journal	December 2017
Recent advances in mechanical properties of biopolymer composites: a review Sadasivuni, Kishor Kumar; Saha, Prosenjit; Adhikari, Jaideep Polymer Composites, Vol. 41, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25356	journal	July 2019
Investigation of the structure of solution grown crystals of lactide copolymers by means of chemical reactions Fischer, E. W.; Sterzel, Hans J.; Wegner, G. Kolloid-Zeitschrift und Zeitschrift für Polymere, Vol. 251, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01498927	journal	November 1973
Old corrugated box (OCB)-based cellulose nanofiber-reinforced and citric acid-cross-linked TSP–guar gum composite film Lal, Sumit S.; Mhaske, Shashank T. Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 78, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03138-y	journal	March 2020
Thermo-mechanical properties of microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced partially crystallized PLA composites Suryanegara, Lisman; Nakagaito, Antonio Norio; Yano, Hiroyuki Cellulose, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9419-5	journal	May 2010
Drying cellulose nanofibrils: in search of a suitable method Peng, Yucheng; Gardner, Douglas J.; Han, Yousoo Cellulose, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9630-z	journal	December 2011
Key role of the hemicellulose content and the cell morphology on the nanofibrillation effectiveness of cellulose pulps Chaker, Ashraf; Alila, Sabrine; Mutjé, Pere Cellulose, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0036-y	journal	September 2013
Sugarcane bagasse cellulose fibres and their hydrous niobium phosphate composites: synthesis and characterization by XPS, XRD and SEM Pereira, P. H. F.; Voorwald, H. J. C.; Cioffi, M. O. H. Cellulose, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0113-2	journal	November 2013
Mechanisms contributing to mechanical property changes in composites of polypropylene reinforced with spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils Wang, Lu; Roach, Alec W.; Gardner, Douglas J. Cellulose, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1556-7	journal	November 2017
Effects of residual lignin on mechanical defibrillation process of cellulosic fiber for producing lignocellulose nanofibrils Jiang, Yan; Liu, Xiuyu; Yang, Qiang Cellulose, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2042-6	journal	September 2018
Isolation of lignocellulose nanofiber from recycled old corrugated container and its interaction with cationic starch–nanosilica combination to make paperboard Yousefhashemi, Seyed Mehdi; Khosravani, Amir; Yousefi, Hossein Cellulose, Vol. 26, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02562-2	journal	June 2019
Trends in the production of cellulose nanofibers from non-wood sources Pennells, Jordan; Godwin, Ian D.; Amiralian, Nasim Cellulose, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02828-9	journal	November 2019
Effect of lignin and hemicellulose on the properties of lignocellulose nanofibril suspensions Albornoz-Palma, Gregory; Ching, Daniel; Valerio, Oscar Cellulose, Vol. 27, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03304-5	journal	June 2020
Recycling Ability of Biodegradable Matrices and Their Cellulose-Reinforced Composites in a Plastic Recycling Stream Lopez, J. P.; Girones, J.; Mendez, J. A. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0333-1	journal	July 2011
Mechanical Recycling of PLA Filled with a High Level of Cellulose Fibres Åkesson, Dan; Vrignaud, Thomas; Tissot, Clément Journal of Polymers and the Environment, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-016-0760-0	journal	March 2016
The Potentials of Corn Waste Lignocellulosic Fibre as an Improved Reinforced Bioplastic Composites Chong, Ting Yen; Law, Ming Chiat; Chan, Yen San Journal of Polymers and the Environment, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01888-4	journal	September 2020
Overview of Cellulose Nanomaterials, Their Capabilities and Applications Moon, Robert J.; Schueneman, Gregory T.; Simonsen, John JOM, Vol. 68, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-016-2018-7	journal	July 2016
Biopolymers: overview of several properties and consequences on their applications Van de Velde, K.; Kiekens, P. Polymer Testing, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00107-6	journal	January 2002
Robustness of two-step acid hydrolysis procedure for composition analysis of poplar Bhagia, Samarthya; Nunez, Angelica; Wyman, Charles E. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.138	journal	September 2016
Hemicellulose characterization of deuterated switchgrass Bhagia, Samarthya; Pu, Yunqiao; Evans, Barbara R. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.034	journal	December 2018
Basic effects of pulp refining on fiber properties—A review Gharehkhani, Samira; Sadeghinezhad, Emad; Kazi, Salim Newaz Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.047	journal	January 2015
Extraction of cellulose nano-crystals from old corrugated container fiber using phosphoric acid and enzymatic hydrolysis followed by sonication Tang, Yanjun; Shen, Xiaochuang; Zhang, Junhua Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.063	journal	July 2015
Improved mechanical properties of polylactide nanocomposites-reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils through interfacial engineering via amine-functionalization Lu, Yuan; Cueva, Mario Calderón; Lara-Curzio, Edgar Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.047	journal	October 2015
Combined bleaching and hydrolysis for isolation of cellulose nanofibrils from waste sackcloth Cao, Yang; Jiang, Yaoquan; Song, Yuanyuan Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.063	journal	October 2015
Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from arecanut husk fibre C. S., Julie Chandra; George, Neena; Narayanankutty, Sunil K. Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.015	journal	May 2016
Revalorization of sunflower stalks as novel sources of cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals and their effect on wheat gluten bionanocomposite properties Fortunati, E.; Luzi, F.; Jiménez, A. Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.120	journal	September 2016
Assessing cellulose nanofiber production from olive tree pruning residue Fillat, Úrsula; Wicklein, Bernd; Martín-Sampedro, Raquel Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 179 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.072	journal	January 2018
Production of high-purity cellulose, cellulose acetate and cellulose-silica composite from babassu coconut shells Amaral, Heliane R.; Cipriano, Daniel F.; Santos, Mayara S. Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.061	journal	April 2019
Surface-modified and oven-dried microfibrillated cellulose reinforced biocomposites: Cellulose network enabled high performance Li, Kai; Mcgrady, Denver; Zhao, Xianhui Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 256 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117525	journal	March 2021
CP/MAS 13C NMR analysis of cellulase treated bleached softwood kraft pulp Pu, Yunqiao; Ziemer, Cherie; Ragauskas, Arthur J. Carbohydrate Research, Vol. 341, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2005.12.012	journal	April 2006
Surface properties of distinct nanofibrillated celluloses assessed by inverse gas chromatography Gamelas, José A. F.; Pedrosa, Jorge; Lourenço, Ana F. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 469 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.12.058	journal	March 2015
Cellulose and cellulignin from sugarcane bagasse reinforced polypropylene composites: Effect of acetylation on mechanical and thermal properties Luz, S. M.; Del Tio, J.; Rocha, G. J. M. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 39, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.04.014	journal	September 2008
Recent advancements of plant-based natural fiber–reinforced composites and their applications Li, Mi; Pu, Yunqiao; Thomas, Valerie M. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 200 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108254	journal	November 2020
Bio-treatment of poplar via amino acid for interface control in biocomposites Zhao, Xianhui; Li, Kai; Wang, Yu Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108276	journal	October 2020
Towards industrial-scale production of cellulose nanocomposites using melt processing: A critical review on structure-processing-property relationships Wang, Lu; Gardner, Douglas J.; Wang, Jinwu Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108297	journal	November 2020
On the use of nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites Lee, Koon-Yang; Aitomäki, Yvonne; Berglund, Lars A. Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.08.032	journal	December 2014
Flow behaviours of cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose from grapefruit peel Karataş, Mukaddes; Arslan, Nurhan Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.02.035	journal	July 2016
Tensile and flexural properties of polylactic acid-based hybrid green composites reinforced by kenaf, bamboo and coir fibers Yusoff, Rosni Binti; Takagi, Hitoshi; Nakagaito, Antonio Norio Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 94 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.017	journal	December 2016
Influence of drying method on the surface energy of cellulose nanofibrils determined by inverse gas chromatography Peng, Yucheng; Gardner, Douglas J.; Han, Yousoo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 405 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.033	journal	September 2013
Recycled fibers for fluting production: The role of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers of banana leaves Espinosa, Eduardo; Tarrés, Quim; Domínguez-Robles, Juan Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.174	journal	January 2018
A Roadmap for Industry to Harness Biotechnology for a More Circular Economy Schilling, Christophe; Weiss, Steve New Biotechnology, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2020.08.005	journal	January 2021
Cellulase kinetics as a function of cellulose pretreatment Bommarius, Andreas S.; Katona, Adrian; Cheben, Sean E. Metabolic Engineering, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2008.06.008	journal	November 2008
Nanocellulose Dewatering and Drying: Current State and Future Perspectives Sinquefield, Scott; Ciesielski, Peter N.; Li, Kai ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01797	journal	June 2020
High-Strength Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposites Reinforced by Epoxy-Modified Pine Fibers Zhao, Xianhui; Li, Kai; Wang, Yu ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03463	journal	July 2020
Polylactic Acid Biocomposites Reinforced with Nanocellulose Fibrils with High Lignin Content for Improved Mechanical, Thermal, and Barrier Properties Nair, Sandeep S.; Chen, Heyu; Peng, Yao ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01405	journal	June 2018
Effects of Lignin Content on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Micro Particles of Spray Dried Cellulose Nanofibrils Peng, Yao; Nair, Sandeep S.; Chen, Heyu ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02544	journal	July 2018
Attractive Forces At Interfaces Fowkes, Frederick M. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 56, Issue 12, p. 40-52 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50660a008	journal	December 1964
Cellulose nanofibril nanopapers and bioinspired nanocomposites: a review to understand the mechanical property space Benítez, A. J.; Walther, A. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA02006F	journal	January 2017
The Role of the Interface in Carbon Fibre-Epoxy Composites Schultz, J.; Lavielle, L.; Martin, C. The Journal of Adhesion, Vol. 23, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218468708080469	journal	September 1987
Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites Fuqua, Michael A.; Huo, Shanshan; Ulven, Chad A. Polymer Reviews, Vol. 52, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2012.705409	journal	July 2012
Xylanases in bleaching: From an idea to the industry Viikari, Liisa; Kantelinen, Anne; Sundquist, Jorma FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Vol. 13, Issue 2-3, p. 335-350 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00053.x	journal	March 1994
High Resolution XPS Spectrum of Calcite (CaCO3) Baer, D. R.; Moulder, J. F. Surface Science Spectra, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.1247719	journal	January 1993
Fillers for Papermaking: A Review of their Properties, Usage Practices, and their Mechanistic Role Hubbe, Martin A.; Gill, Robert A. BioResources, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.1.2886-2963	journal	November 2015
In Situ Production and Application of Cellulose Nanofibers to Improve Recycled Paper Production Balea, Ana; Sanchez-Salvador, Jose Luis; Monte, M. Concepcion Molecules, Vol. 24, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091800	journal	May 2019
Cellulosic Bionanocomposites: A Review of Preparation, Properties and Applications Siqueira, Gilberto; Bras, Julien; Dufresne, Alain Polymers, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym2040728	journal	December 2010
Disposal Options of Bamboo Fabric-Reinforced Poly(Lactic) Acid Composites for Sustainable Packaging: Biodegradability and Recyclability Fazita, M. R.; Jayaraman, Krishnan; Bhattacharyya, Debes Polymers, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym7081465	journal	August 2015

Similar Records

Melt compounding of spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils/polypropylene and their application in 3D printing

Journal Article · Tue Jul 09 20:00:00 EDT 2024 · Cellulose · OSTI ID:2580722

High modulus biocomposites via additive manufacturing: Cellulose nanofibril networks as “microsponges”

Journal Article · Sat Aug 31 20:00:00 EDT 2019 · Composites Part B: Engineering · OSTI ID:1528739

Review on Nonconventional Fibrillation Methods of Producing Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Applications

Journal Article · Thu Sep 09 20:00:00 EDT 2021 · Biomacromolecules · OSTI ID:1826035

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Biocomposite
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF)
Nanocellulose
Nanocomposite
Old corrugated containers (OCC)
Poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)
Recycled cardboard

Recycled Cardboard Containers as a Low Energy Source for Cellulose Nanofibrils and Their Use in Poly(l-lactide) Nanocomposites

Citation Formats

References (56)

Similar Records

Related Subjects