Chemical and Biological Catalysis for Plastics Recycling and Upcycling

Ellis, Lucas D.; Rorrer, Nicholas A.; Sullivan, Kevin P.; Otto, Maike; McGeehan, John E.; Roman-Leshkov, Yuriy; Wierckx, Nick; Beckham, Gregg T.

doi:10.1038/s41929-021-00648-4

Chemical and Biological Catalysis for Plastics Recycling and Upcycling

Journal Article · Thu Jul 22 04:00:00 EDT 2021 · Nature Catalysis

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-021-00648-4· OSTI ID:1822380

; ; Sullivan, Kevin P.; Otto, Maike; McGeehan, John E.; Roman-Leshkov, Yuriy; Wierckx, Nick;

Plastics pollution is causing an environmental crisis, prompting the development of new approaches for recycling, and upcycling. Here, we review challenges and opportunities in chemical and biological catalysis for plastics deconstruction, recycling, and upcycling. We stress the need for rigorous characterization and use of widely available substrates, such that catalyst performance can be compared across studies. Where appropriate, we draw parallels between catalysis on biomass and plastics, as both substrates are low-value, solid, recalcitrant polymers. Innovations in catalyst design and reaction engineering are needed to overcome kinetic and thermodynamic limitations of plastics deconstruction. Either chemical and biological catalysts will need to act interfacially, where catalysts function at a solid surface, or polymers will need to be solubilized or processed to smaller intermediates to facilitate improved catalyst–substrate interaction. Overall, developing catalyst-driven technologies for plastics deconstruction and upcycling is critical to incentivize improved plastics reclamation and reduce the severe global burden of plastic waste.

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Advanced Manufacturing Office (EE-5A); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Bioenergy Technologies Office (EE-3B)

DOE Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1822380

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-2A00-78171; MainId:32080; UUID:60c65235-a33c-4ea3-8f12-b3551f4a1cc9; MainAdminID:62960

Journal Information:: Nature Catalysis, Journal Name: Nature Catalysis Vol. 4

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (184)

Understanding the Mechanocatalytic Conversion of Biomass: A Low‐Energy One‐Step Reaction Mechanism by Applying Mechanical Force Amirjalayer, Saeed; Fuchs, Harald; Marx, Dominik Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201811091	journal	April 2019
Free radical intermediates in the inhibition of the autoxidation reaction Lucarini, Marco; Pedulli, Gian Franco Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 39, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/b901838g	journal	January 2010
Fungal cellulases and complexed cellulosomal enzymes exhibit synergistic mechanisms in cellulose deconstruction Resch, Michael G.; Donohoe, Bryon S.; Baker, John O. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee00019b	journal	January 2013
Hybrid Poly(aryl ether sulfone amide)s for Advanced Thermoplastic Composites Gardea, Frank; Garcia, Jeannette M.; Boday, Dylan J. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 215, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201400267	journal	August 2014
Hydrolytic Depolymerization of PET in a Microwave Reactor: Hydrolytic Depolymerization of PET in a Microwave Reactor Siddiqui, Mohammad Nahid; Achilias, Dimitris S.; Redhwi, Halim Hamid Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Vol. 295, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201000050	journal	May 2010
Activation and stabilization of enzymes in ionic liquids Moniruzzaman, Muhammad; Kamiya, Noriho; Goto, Masahiro Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Vol. 8, Issue 13, p. 2887-2899 https://doi.org/10.1039/b926130c	journal	January 2010
The E Factor: fifteen years on Sheldon, Roger A. Green Chemistry, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/b713736m	journal	January 2007
Stabilizing Leaf and Branch Compost Cutinase (LCC) with Glycosylation: Mechanism and Effect on PET Hydrolysis Shirke, Abhijit N.; White, Christine; Englaender, Jacob A. Biochemistry, Vol. 57, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01189	journal	January 2018
Solvent-tolerant bacteria for biotransformations in two-phase fermentation systems Heipieper, Hermann J.; Neumann, Grit; Cornelissen, Sjef Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 74, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0833-4	journal	April 2007
Mechanism and Catalysis of Oxidative Degradation of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Navarro, Carlos A.; Kedzie, Elyse A.; Ma, Yijia Topics in Catalysis, Vol. 61, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-018-0917-2	journal	March 2018
Structural and functional studies on a thermostable polyethylene terephthalate degrading hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca Roth, Christian; Wei, Ren; Oeser, Thorsten Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 98, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5672-0	journal	April 2014
Thermochemical routes for the valorization of waste polyolefinic plastics to produce fuels and chemicals. A review Lopez, Gartzen; Artetxe, Maite; Amutio, Maider Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 73 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.142	journal	June 2017
Characterization of hydrophilic—hydrophobic polymeric surfaces by contact angle measurements Ko, Y. C.; Ratner, B. D.; Hoffman, A. S. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 82, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(81)90120-X	journal	July 1981
An Efficient Method To Depolymerize Polyamide Plastics: A New Use of Ionic Liquids Kamimura, Akio; Yamamoto, Shigehiro Organic Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/ol070886c	journal	June 2007
A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate) Yoshida, Shosuke; Hiraga, Kazumi; Takehana, Toshihiko Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6278 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6359	journal	March 2016
Chemical Recycling of End‐of‐Life Polyamide 6 via Ring Closing Depolymerization Alberti, Christoph; Figueira, Ruben; Hofmann, Melanie ChemistrySelect, Vol. 4, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201903970	journal	November 2019
Critical ReviewAnalytical Extraction of Additives From Polymers Vandenburg, Harold J.; Clifford, Anthony A.; Bartle, Keith D. The Analyst, Vol. 122, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/a704052k	journal	January 1997
Maldi time-of-flight mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers Nielen, Michel W. F. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Vol. 18, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1999)18:5<309::AID-MAS2>3.0.CO;2-L	journal	January 1999
Stability of biocatalysts Polizzi, Karen M.; Bommarius, Andreas S.; Broering, James M. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.685	journal	April 2007
Toward Biorecycling: Isolation of a Soil Bacterium That Grows on a Polyurethane Oligomer and Monomer Espinosa, María José Cárdenas; Blanco, Andrea Colina; Schmidgall, Tabea Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 11 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00404	journal	March 2020
Mechanically-Induced Chemical Changes in Polymeric Materials Caruso, Mary M.; Davis, Douglas A.; Shen, Qilong Chemical Reviews, Vol. 109, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001353	journal	November 2009
Current developments in chemical recycling of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate wastes for new materials production: A review Raheem, Ademola Bolanle; Noor, Zainura Zainon; Hassan, Azman Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.019	journal	July 2019
Hydrophobic substances induce water stress in microbial cells: Hydrophobic substances induce cellular water stress Bhaganna, Prashanth; Volkers, Rita J. M.; Bell, Andrew N. W. Microbial Biotechnology, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00203.x	journal	September 2010
Cellulosomes: plant-cell-wall-degrading enzyme complexes Doi, Roy H.; Kosugi, Akihiko Nature Reviews Microbiology, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro925	journal	July 2004
Trash to Treasure: Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Polyethylene to Functional Chemicals Bäckström, Eva; Odelius, Karin; Hakkarainen, Minna Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 56, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04091	journal	December 2017
Plastics to fuel: a review Kunwar, Bidhya; Cheng, H. N.; Chandrashekaran, Sriram R. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.015	journal	February 2016
Catalytic Hydrogenolysis at Low Temperature and Pressure of Polyethylene and Polypropylene to Diesels or Lower Alkanes by a Zirconium Hydride Supported on Silica-Alumina: A Step Toward Polyolefin Degradation by the Microscopic Reverse of Ziegler-Natta Polymerization Dufaud, Véronique; Basset, Jean-Marie Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 37, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980403)37:6<806::AID-ANIE806>3.0.CO;2-6	journal	April 1998
On the Stability and Recyclability of Supported Metal–Ligand Complex Catalysts: Myths, Misconceptions and Critical Research Needs Jones, Christopher W. Topics in Catalysis, Vol. 53, Issue 13-14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-010-9513-9	journal	May 2010
Transition metal-catalyzed carbon–carbon bond activation Jun, Chul-Ho Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 33, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/B308864M	journal	January 2004
Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production Rahimi, AliReza; García, Jeannette M. Nature Reviews Chemistry, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-017-0046	journal	June 2017
Influence of molecular structure on rheological properties of polyethylenes Gabriel, C.; Kaschta, Joachim; Münstedt, Helmut Rheologica Acta, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003970050086	journal	February 1998
Chemical recycling of plastics using sub- and supercritical fluids Goto, Motonobu The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Vol. 47, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.10.011	journal	January 2009
“Cut and Sew” Transformations via Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Bond Activation Chen, Peng-hao; Billett, Brent A.; Tsukamoto, Tatsuhiro ACS Catalysis, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b03210	journal	January 2017
Ca ²⁺ and Mg ²⁺ binding site engineering increases the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate films by polyester hydrolases from Thermobifida fusca Then, Johannes; Wei, Ren; Oeser, Thorsten Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400620	journal	January 2015
Morphology–property relationship in oriented PET films: Microstructural reorganization during heat treatment Gohil, Ramesh M. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 52, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070520711	journal	May 1994
Catalyzing the Hydrocracking of Low Density Polyethylene Bin Jumah, Abdulrahman; Anbumuthu, Vanithasri; Tedstone, Aleksander A. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 58, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04263	journal	October 2019
Modifications and research potentials of acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) membranes: A review Kamelian, Fariba Sadat; Saljoughi, Ehsan; Shojaee Nasirabadi, Parizad Polymer Composites, Vol. 39, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24276	journal	January 2017
Recent Advances Utilized in the Recycling of Homogeneous Catalysis Shende, Vaishali S.; Saptal, Vitthal B.; Bhanage, Bhalchandra M. The Chemical Record, Vol. 19, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201800205	journal	December 2018
Recent progress in consolidated bioprocessing Olson, Daniel G.; McBride, John E.; Joe Shaw, A. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 23, Issue 3, p. 396-405 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.11.026	journal	June 2012
Enzyme stability and stabilization—Aqueous and non-aqueous environment Iyer, Padma V.; Ananthanarayan, Laxmi Process Biochemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2008.06.004	journal	October 2008
Conversion of Polyolefin Waste to Liquid Alkanes with Ru-Based Catalysts under Mild Conditions Rorrer, Julie E.; Beckham, Gregg T.; Román-Leshkov, Yuriy JACS Au, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.0c00041	journal	December 2020
Mechanocatalysis for biomass-derived chemicals and fuels Hick, Sandra M.; Griebel, Carolin; Restrepo, David T. Green Chemistry, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/b923079c	journal	January 2010
Devulcanisation and reclaiming of tires and rubber by physical and chemical processes: A review Bockstal, Lauris; Berchem, Thomas; Schmetz, Quentin Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.049	journal	November 2019
Theoretical studies on bond dissociation enthalpies for model compounds of typical plastic polymers Huang, J. B.; Zeng, G. S.; Li, X. S. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 167 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/167/1/012029	journal	July 2018
Nature of the Glass Transition in Polymers Gibbs, Julian H. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1742830	journal	July 1956
Pot economy and one-pot synthesis Hayashi, Yujiro Chemical Science, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SC02913A	journal	January 2016
Microbial Genes for a Circular and Sustainable Bio-PET Economy Salvador, Manuel; Abdulmutalib, Umar; Gonzalez, Jaime Genes, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10050373	journal	May 2019
Glycolytic depolymerization of PET waste in a microwave reactor Achilias, Dimitris S.; Redhwi, Halim Hamid; Siddiqui, Mohammad Nahid Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 118, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32737	journal	July 2010
Lignin valorization through integrated biological funneling and chemical catalysis Linger, J. G.; Vardon, D. R.; Guarnieri, M. T. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 33, p. 12013-12018 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410657111	journal	August 2014
An Oxidative Enzyme Boosting the Enzymatic Conversion of Recalcitrant Polysaccharides Vaaje-Kolstad, Gustav; Westereng, Bjørge; Horn, Svein J. Science, Vol. 330, Issue 6001, p. 219-222 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192231	journal	October 2010
Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste Ragaert, Kim; Delva, Laurens; Van Geem, Kevin Waste Management, Vol. 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044	journal	November 2017
Non-Hydrolyzable Plastics – An Interdisciplinary Look at Plastic Bio-Oxidation Inderthal, Hedda; Tai, Siew Leng; Harrison, Susan T. L. Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 39, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.004	journal	January 2021
Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass Mosier, Nathan; Wyman, Charles; Dale, Bruce Bioresource Technology, Vol. 96, Issue 6, p. 673-686 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.025	journal	April 2005
Efficient Plastic Waste Recycling to Value‐Added Products by Integrated Biomass Processing Beydoun, Kassem; Klankermayer, Jürgen ChemSusChem, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201902880	journal	January 2020
Revealing Nature's Cellulase Diversity The Digestion Mechanism of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii CelA Brunecky, R.; Alahuhta, M.; Xu, Q. Science, Vol. 342, Issue 6165, p. 1513-1516 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244273	journal	December 2013
Hydrolysis of polycarbonate catalyzed by ionic liquid [Bmim][Ac] Song, Xiuyan; Liu, Fusheng; Li, Lei Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 244-245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.044	journal	January 2013
A facile route for rubber breakdown via cross metathesis reactions Smith, R. F.; Boothroyd, S. C.; Thompson, R. L. Green Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC03075G	journal	January 2016
Purification and Characterization of a Nylon-Degrading Enzyme Deguchi, Tetsuya; Kitaoka, Yoshihisa; Kakezawa, Masaaki Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 64, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.4.1366-1371.1998	journal	April 1998
Catalytic upcycling of high-density polyethylene via a processive mechanism Tennakoon, Akalanka; Wu, Xun; Paterson, Alexander L. Nature Catalysis, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-020-00519-4	journal	October 2020
Deep eutectic solvents: syntheses, properties and applications Zhang, Qinghua; De Oliveira Vigier, Karine; Royer, Sébastien Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 41, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35178a	journal	January 2012
Catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of plastic waste over NiO and HY for gasoline-range hydrocarbons production Ding, Kuan; Liu, Shasha; Huang, Yong Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.07.001	journal	September 2019
Dual-catalytic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Delle Chiaie, Kayla R.; McMahon, Fergus R.; Williams, Esme J. Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9PY01920K	journal	January 2020
Catalysis as an Enabling Science for Sustainable Polymers Zhang, Xiangyi; Fevre, Mareva; Jones, Gavin O. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 118, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00329	journal	October 2017
Compositional Analysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. 1. Review and Description of Methods Sluiter, Justin B.; Ruiz, Raymond O.; Scarlata, Christopher J. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 58, Issue 16, p. 9043-9053 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1008023	journal	August 2010
Formation of Glasses from Liquids and Biopolymers Angell, C. A. Science, Vol. 267, Issue 5206 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5206.1924	journal	March 1995
Biomass Recalcitrance: Engineering Plants and Enzymes for Biofuels Production Himmel, M. E.; Ding, S.-Y.; Johnson, D. K. Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5813, p. 804-807 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137016	journal	February 2007
Controlled hydrogenative depolymerization of polyesters and polycarbonates catalyzed by ruthenium(ii) PNN pincer complexes Krall, Eric M.; Klein, Tyler W.; Andersen, Ryan J. Chemical Communications, Vol. 50, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc00541d	journal	January 2014
Greener routes for recycling of polyethylene terephthalate Al-Sabagh, A. M.; Yehia, F. Z.; Eshaq, Gh. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.001	journal	March 2016
Potential use of natural rubber to produce liquid fuels using hydrous pyrolysis – a review Ahmad, Nabeel; Abnisa, Faisal; Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 73, p. 68906-68921 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA09085K	journal	January 2016
A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes Anuar Sharuddin, Shafferina Dayana; Abnisa, Faisal; Wan Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.037	journal	May 2016
Review of the fundamental theories behind small angle X-ray scattering, molecular dynamics simulations, and relevant integrated application Boldon, Lauren; Laliberte, Fallon; Liu, Li Nano Reviews, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3402/nano.v6.25661	journal	January 2015
A brief overview of theories of PVC plasticization and methods used to evaluate PVC-plasticizer interaction Daniels, Paul H. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20211	journal	December 2009
Polyethylene upcycling to long-chain alkylaromatics by tandem hydrogenolysis/aromatization Zhang, Fan; Zeng, Manhao; Yappert, Ryan D. Science, Vol. 370, Issue 6515 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5441	journal	October 2020
Deactivation and regeneration of a Ni supported hierarchical Beta zeolite catalyst used in the hydroreforming of the oil produced by LDPE thermal cracking Aguado, J.; Serrano, D. P.; Escola, J. M. Fuel, Vol. 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.011	journal	July 2013
Kinetics of the Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Polyethene, Polypropene, and Polystyrene Modeling, Experimental Determination, and Comparison with Literature Models and Data Westerhout, R. W. J.; Waanders, J.; Kuipers, J. A. M. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 36, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie960501m	journal	June 1997
Cellulosome assembly revealed by the crystal structure of the cohesin-dockerin complex Carvalho, A. L.; Dias, F. M. V.; Prates, J. A. M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 100, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1936124100	journal	November 2003
Applications and societal benefits of plastics Andrady, Anthony L.; Neal, Mike A. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 364, Issue 1526 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0304	journal	July 2009
Opportunities and challenges for combining chemo- and biocatalysis Rudroff, Florian; Mihovilovic, Marko D.; Gröger, Harald Nature Catalysis, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-017-0010-4	journal	January 2018
Current state and future prospects of plastic waste as source of fuel: A review Wong, S. L.; Ngadi, N.; Abdullah, T. A. T. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 50 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.063	journal	October 2015
Valuable oxygenates by aerobic oxidation of polymers using metal/bromide homogeneous catalysts Partenheimer, Walt Catalysis Today, Vol. 81, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(03)00124-X	journal	June 2003
The chitinolytic machinery of Serratia marcescens - a model system for enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides Vaaje-Kolstad, Gustav; Horn, Svein J.; Sørlie, Morten FEBS Journal, Vol. 280, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.12181	journal	March 2013
Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): A review Al-Salem, S. M.; Lettieri, P.; Baeyens, J. Waste Management, Vol. 29, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.004	journal	October 2009
The Influence of Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene Catalysts on Polyolefin Structure, Properties, and Processing Ability Shamiri, Ahmad; Chakrabarti, Mohammed; Jahan, Shah Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7075069	journal	July 2014
Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste Aishwarya, K. N.; Sindhu, Nangarthody Procedia Technology, Vol. 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.197	journal	January 2016
Depolymerization of Unsaturated Polyesters and Waste Fiber-Reinforced Plastics by using Ionic Liquids: The Use of Microwaves to Accelerate the Reaction Rate Kamimura, Akio; Yamamoto, Shigehiro; Yamada, Kazuo ChemSusChem, Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000430	journal	May 2011
NIR, DSC, and FTIR as quantitative methods for compositional analysis of blends of polymers obtained from recycled mixed plastic waste Camacho, Walker; Karlsson, Sigbritt Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol. 41, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10860	journal	September 2001
A dual enzyme system composed of a polyester hydrolase and a carboxylesterase enhances the biocatalytic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate films Barth, Markus; Honak, Annett; Oeser, Thorsten Biotechnology Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201600008	journal	June 2016
Heterogeneous Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration: A Review Argyle, Morris; Bartholomew, Calvin Catalysts, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal5010145	journal	February 2015
Evaluation of biological degradation of polyurethanes Magnin, Audrey; Pollet, Eric; Phalip, Vincent Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107457	journal	March 2020
Electrocatalytic Upgrading of Biomass‐Derived Intermediate Compounds to Value‐Added Products Li, Kui; Sun, Yujie Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 24, Issue 69 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803319	journal	June 2018
Product distribution from catalytic degradation of polyethylene over H-gallosilicate Takuma, Kazuhiko; Uemichi, Yoshio; Ayame, Akimi Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 192, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00399-3	journal	February 2000
A comprehensive metabolic map for production of bio-based chemicals Lee, Sang Yup; Kim, Hyun Uk; Chae, Tong Un Nature Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0212-4	journal	January 2019
Recycling Benzoxazine–Epoxy Composites via Catalytic Oxidation Lo, Jonathan N.; Nutt, Steven R.; Williams, Travis J. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01790	journal	May 2018
Organocatalysis for depolymerisation Jehanno, Coralie; Pérez-Madrigal, Maria M.; Demarteau, Jeremy Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8PY01284A	journal	January 2019
Microbial biotechnology addressing the plastic waste disaster Narancic, Tanja; O'Connor, Kevin E. Microbial Biotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12775	journal	July 2017
An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling Hahladakis, John N.; Velis, Costas A.; Weber, Roland Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 344 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014	journal	February 2018
Efficient and selective degradation of polyethylenes into liquid fuels and waxes under mild conditions Jia, Xiangqing; Qin, Chuan; Friedberger, Tobias Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501591	journal	June 2016
Enzymatic Surface Hydrolysis of PET: Effect of Structural Diversity on Kinetic Properties of Cutinases from Thermobifida Herrero Acero, Enrique; Ribitsch, Doris; Steinkellner, Georg Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200949p	journal	June 2011
Deep eutectic solvents as highly active catalysts for the fast and mild glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) Wang, Qian; Yao, Xiaoqian; Geng, Yanrong Green Chemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC02401J	journal	January 2015
Chemical Recycling of Plastics to Useful Organic Compounds by Oxidative Degradation Pifer, Anne; Sen, Ayusman Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 37, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981217)37:23<3306::AID-ANIE3306>3.0.CO;2-B	journal	December 1998
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of semicrystalline polymers Schick, C. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 395, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3169-y	journal	October 2009
On-line coupling of high temperature GPC and 1H NMR for the analysis of polymers Hiller, Wolf; Pasch, Harald; Macko, Tibor Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 183, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2006.09.004	journal	December 2006
Molecular catalyst systems as key enablers for tailored polyesters and polycarbonate recycling concepts Westhues, Stefan; Idel, Jasmine; Klankermayer, Jürgen Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat9669	journal	August 2018
Catalysts for the Living Insertion Polymerization of Alkenes: Access to New Polyolefin Architectures Using Ziegler–Natta Chemistry Coates, Geoffrey W.; Hustad, Phillip D.; Reinartz, Stefan Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 41, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20020703)41:13<2236::AID-ANIE2236>3.0.CO;2-3	journal	July 2002
The Techno-Economic Basis for Coproduct Manufacturing To Enable Hydrocarbon Fuel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Biddy, Mary J.; Davis, Ryan; Humbird, David ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00243	journal	May 2016
Characterization of a new cutinase from Thermobifida alba for PET-surface hydrolysis Ribitsch, Doris; Acero, Enrique Herrero; Greimel, Katrin Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Vol. 30, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3109/10242422.2012.644435	journal	December 2011
Catalyst-controlled stereoselective cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers Teator, A. J.; Leibfarth, F. A. Science, Vol. 363, Issue 6434 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1703	journal	March 2019
New insights into polyurethane biodegradation and realistic prospects for the development of a sustainable waste recycling process Cregut, Mickael; Bedas, M.; Durand, M. -J. Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 31, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.011	journal	December 2013
Catalytic C–C Bond Activations via Oxidative Addition to Transition Metals Souillart, Laetitia; Cramer, Nicolai Chemical Reviews, Vol. 115, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00138	journal	June 2015
A Two Step Chemo-biotechnological Conversion of Polystyrene to a Biodegradable Thermoplastic Ward, Patrick G.; Goff, Miriam; Donner, Matthias Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/es0517668	journal	April 2006
Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean Jambeck, J. R.; Geyer, R.; Wilcox, C. Science, Vol. 347, Issue 6223 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352	journal	February 2015
The mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene Albertsson, Ann-Christine; Andersson, Sven Ove; Karlsson, Sigbritt Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(87)90084-X	journal	January 1987
Protein Crystallography and Site‐Direct Mutagenesis Analysis of the Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Hydrolase PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis Liu, Bing; He, Lihui; Wang, Liping ChemBioChem, Vol. 19, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800097	journal	May 2018
Biodegradation of PET: Current Status and Application Aspects Taniguchi, Ikuo; Yoshida, Shosuke; Hiraga, Kazumi ACS Catalysis, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b05171	journal	April 2019
Structural insight into molecular mechanism of poly(ethylene terephthalate) degradation Joo, Seongjoon; Cho, In Jin; Seo, Hogyun Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02881-1	journal	January 2018
H-ZSM-11 and Zn-ZSM-11 zeolites and their applications in the catalytic transformation of LDPE Renzini, María S.; Sedran, Ulises; Pierella, Liliana B. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 86, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2009.06.008	journal	September 2009
Industrial use of immobilized enzymes DiCosimo, Robert; McAuliffe, Joseph; Poulose, Ayrookaran J. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 42, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs35506c	journal	January 2013
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Polyurethanes to Base Chemicals: From Model Systems to Commercial and End-of-Life Polyurethane Materials Gausas, Laurynas; Kristensen, Steffan K.; Sun, Hongwei JACS Au, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.1c00050	journal	April 2021
Biological Valorization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Monomers for Upcycling Waste PET Kim, Hee Taek; Kim, Jae Kyun; Cha, Hyun Gil ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03908	journal	November 2019
Recent advances in the recycling of homogeneous catalysts using membrane separation Janssen, Michèle; Müller, Christian; Vogt, Dieter Green Chemistry, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1gc15264e	journal	January 2011
Fungal Cellulases Payne, Christina M.; Knott, Brandon C.; Mayes, Heather B. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 115, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500351c	journal	January 2015
Stabilizing biocatalysts Bommarius, Andreas S.; Paye, Mariétou F. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 42, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60137d	journal	January 2013
An Inverse Michaelis–Menten Approach for Interfacial Enzyme Kinetics Kari, Jeppe; Andersen, Morten; Borch, Kim ACS Catalysis, Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b00838	journal	June 2017
Ethenolysis: A Green Catalytic Tool to Cleave Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds Bidange, Johan; Fischmeister, Cédric; Bruneau, Christian Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 22, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201601052	journal	June 2016
Transport barriers made of cutin, suberin and associated waxes Schreiber, Lukas Trends in Plant Science, Vol. 15, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.06.004	journal	October 2010
Possibilities and limitations of biotechnological plastic degradation and recycling Wei, Ren; Tiso, Till; Bertling, Jürgen Nature Catalysis, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-020-00521-w	journal	October 2020
Cutinase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Ronkvist, Åsa M.; Xie, Wenchun; Lu, Wenhua Macromolecules, Vol. 42, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9005318	journal	July 2009
Defined Microbial Mixed Culture for Utilization of Polyurethane Monomers Utomo, Romualdus Nugraha Catur; Li, Wing-Jin; Tiso, Till ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06019	journal	November 2020
Challenges and opportunities of solvent-based additive extraction methods for plastic recycling Ügdüler, Sibel; Van Geem, Kevin M.; Roosen, Martijn Waste Management, Vol. 104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.003	journal	March 2020
Comparative Biochemistry of Four Polyester (PET) Hydrolases** Bååth, Jenny Arnling; Borch, Kim; Jensen, Kenneth ChemBioChem, Vol. 22, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202000793	journal	February 2021
Green Chemistry: Principles and Practice Anastas, Paul; Eghbali, Nicolas Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 39, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/B918763B	journal	January 2010
Photo‐Induced Depolymerisation: Recent Advances and Future Challenges Chen, Tao; Wang, Huining; Chu, Yingying ChemPhotoChem, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/cptc.201900166	journal	August 2019
Enhancement in the photocatalytic degradation of low density polyethylene–TiO2 nanocomposite films under solar irradiation Thomas, Reny Thankam; Sandhyarani, N. RSC Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra42226g	journal	January 2013
Fuel Production from LDPE Plastic Waste over Natural Zeolite Supported Ni, Ni-Mo, Co and Co-Mo Metals Sriningsih, Wiwin; Saerodji, Monica Garby; Trisunaryanti, Wega Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2014.03.028	journal	January 2014
Thermogravimetry – Infrared Spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) Coupled Analysis Materazzi, Stefano Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, Vol. 32, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/05704929708003320	journal	November 1997
Hydrogenative Depolymerization of Nylons Kumar, Amit; von Wolff, Niklas; Rauch, Michael Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 142, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c05675	journal	July 2020
Intersecting Xenobiology and Neometabolism To Bring Novel Chemistries to Life Nieto‐Domínguez, Manuel; Nikel, Pablo I. ChemBioChem, Vol. 21, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202000091	journal	May 2020
Structural insight into catalytic mechanism of PET hydrolase Han, Xu; Liu, Weidong; Huang, Jian-Wen Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02255-z	journal	December 2017
Combining Reclaimed PET with Bio-based Monomers Enables Plastics Upcycling Rorrer, Nicholas A.; Nicholson, Scott; Carpenter, Alberta Joule, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.01.018	journal	April 2019
Enhanced Cutinase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate by Covalent Fusion to Hydrophobins Ribitsch, Doris; Herrero Acero, Enrique; Przylucka, Agnieszka Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 81, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.04111-14	journal	March 2015
Towards bio-upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate Tiso, Till; Narancic, Tanja; Wei, Ren Metabolic Engineering, Vol. 66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2021.03.011	journal	July 2021
The future of plastics recycling Garcia, Jeannette M.; Robertson, Megan L. Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6365 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0324	journal	November 2017
Tailoring cutinase activity towards polyethylene terephthalate and polyamide 6,6 fibers Araújo, Rita; Silva, Carla; O’Neill, Alexandre Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 128, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.12.028	journal	March 2007
Manufacturing energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with plastics consumption Nicholson, Scott R.; Rorrer, Nicholas A.; Carpenter, Alberta C. Joule https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2020.12.027	journal	January 2021
Hydrolysis reaction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) using ionic liquids as solvent and catalyst Liu, Fusheng; Cui, Xiao; Yu, Shitao Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 114, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30981	journal	December 2009
Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization Knott, Brandon C.; Erickson, Erika; Allen, Mark D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006753117	journal	September 2020
Structure of the plastic-degrading Ideonella sakaiensis MHETase bound to a substrate Palm, Gottfried J.; Reisky, Lukas; Böttcher, Dominique Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09326-3	journal	April 2019
A review on thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW) Al-Salem, S. M.; Antelava, A.; Constantinou, A. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 197 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.084	journal	July 2017
Developing Advanced Catalysts for the Conversion of Polyolefinic Waste Plastics into Fuels and Chemicals Serrano, D. P.; Aguado, J.; Escola, J. M. ACS Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/cs3003403	journal	August 2012
Thermomorphic solvent selection for homogeneous catalyst recovery based on COSMO-RS McBride, Kevin; Gaide, Tom; Vorholt, Andreas Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, Vol. 99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2015.07.004	journal	January 2016
Understanding TiO ₂ Photocatalysis: Mechanisms and Materials Schneider, Jenny; Matsuoka, Masaya; Takeuchi, Masato Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5001892	journal	May 2014
A steady-state approach for inhibition of heterogeneous enzyme reactions Kari, Jeppe; Schiano-di-Cola, Corinna; Hansen, Stine Fredslund Biochemical Journal, Vol. 477, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20200083	journal	May 2020
The glass temperature and related properties of polystyrene. Influence of molecular weight Fox, Thomas G.; Flory, Paul J. Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 14, Issue 75 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1954.120147514	journal	September 1954
Thermal degradation of PMMA in fluidised beds Smolders, K.; Baeyens, J. Waste Management, Vol. 24, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.06.002	journal	January 2004
Decomposition pathways of homogeneous catalysts van Leeuwen, Piet W. N. M. Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 212, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00844-9	journal	April 2001
Characterization and engineering of a plastic-degrading aromatic polyesterase Austin, Harry P.; Allen, Mark D.; Donohoe, Bryon S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718804115	journal	April 2018
Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635	journal	February 2020
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) revisited: reduced amount of water counterbalances the need for CBMs Várnai, Anikó; Siika-aho, Matti; Viikari, Liisa Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-30	journal	January 2013
Cutinase?A new tool for biomodification of synthetic fibers Silva, Carla Manuela; Carneiro, Filipa; O'Neill, Alexandre Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.20684	journal	January 2005
Extreme thermophiles as emerging metabolic engineering platforms Crosby, James R.; Laemthong, Tunyaboon; Lewis, April M. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2019.02.006	journal	October 2019
Catalytic hydroreforming of the polyethylene thermal cracking oil over Ni supported hierarchical zeolites and mesostructured aluminosilicates Escola, J. M.; Aguado, J.; Serrano, D. P. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 106, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.05.048	journal	August 2011
Sabatier Principle for Interfacial (Heterogeneous) Enzyme Catalysis Kari, Jeppe; Olsen, Johan P.; Jensen, Kenneth ACS Catalysis, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b03547	journal	October 2018
Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer Chemistry–A Review Jablonský, Michal; Škulcová, Andrea; Šima, Jozef Molecules, Vol. 24, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213978	journal	November 2019
Ionic liquids/ZnO nanoparticles as recyclable catalyst for polycarbonate depolymerization Iannone, Francesco; Casiello, Michele; Monopoli, Antonio Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Vol. 426 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.11.006	journal	January 2017
Highly Active and Recyclable Heterogeneous Iridium Pincer Catalysts for Transfer Dehydrogenation of Alkanes Huang, Zheng; Brookhart, Maurice; Goldman, Alan S. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, Vol. 351, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.200800615	journal	January 2009
The state of the art in the rheology of polymers: Achievements and challenges Malkin, A. Ya. Polymer Science Series A, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X09010076	journal	January 2009
Role of Branching on the Rate and Mechanism of C–C Cleavage in Alkanes on Metal Surfaces Hibbitts, David D.; Flaherty, David W.; Iglesia, Enrique ACS Catalysis, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b01950	journal	December 2015
Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization of High-Density Polyethylene and Waste Plastic over Zeolite and Silica−Alumina-Supported Ni and Ni−Mo Sulfides Ding, Weibing; Liang, Jing; Anderson, Larry L. Energy & Fuels, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef970051q	journal	November 1997
Advanced chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) through organocatalytic aminolysis Fukushima, Kazuki; Lecuyer, Julien M.; Wei, Di S. Polym. Chem., Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2PY20793A	journal	January 2013
Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made Geyer, Roland; Jambeck, Jenna R.; Law, Kara Lavender Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782	journal	July 2017
Solvent-based separation and recycling of waste plastics: A review Zhao, Yi-Bo; Lv, Xu-Dong; Ni, Hong-Gang Chemosphere, Vol. 209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.095	journal	October 2018
Upcycling Single-Use Polyethylene into High-Quality Liquid Products Celik, Gokhan; Kennedy, Robert M.; Hackler, Ryan A. ACS Central Science, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00722	journal	September 2019
Combined effect of isophthalic acid and polyethylene glycol in polyethylene terephthalate polymer on thermal, mechanical, and gas transport properties Mohan, T. P.; George, A. Prem; Kanny, K. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 126, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36818	journal	April 2012
Photoreforming of Nonrecyclable Plastic Waste over a Carbon Nitride/Nickel Phosphide Catalyst Uekert, Taylor; Kasap, Hatice; Reisner, Erwin Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b06872	journal	August 2019
Plastic waste as a novel substrate for industrial biotechnology: Plastic waste as substrate for biotechnology Wierckx, Nick; Prieto, M. Auxiliadora; Pomposiello, Pablo Microbial Biotechnology, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12312	journal	August 2015
p -Xylene Oxidation to Terephthalic Acid: A Literature Review Oriented toward Process Optimization and Development Tomás, Rogério A. F.; Bordado, João C. M.; Gomes, João F. P. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 113, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300298j	journal	June 2013
Inhibitory effect of lignin during cellulose bioconversion: The effect of lignin chemistry on non-productive enzyme adsorption Rahikainen, Jenni L.; Martin-Sampedro, Raquel; Heikkinen, Harri Bioresource Technology, Vol. 133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.075	journal	April 2013
Rapid microwave induced depolymerization of polyamide-6 Klun, U. Polymer, Vol. 41, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00658-8	journal	May 2000
An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles Tournier, V.; Topham, C. M.; Gilles, A. Nature, Vol. 580, Issue 7802 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2149-4	journal	April 2020
Isolation of a Novel Cutinase Homolog with Polyethylene Terephthalate-Degrading Activity from Leaf-Branch Compost by Using a Metagenomic Approach Sulaiman, Sintawee; Yamato, Saya; Kanaya, Eiko Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 78, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06725-11	journal	December 2011
STEP polymer degradation: Solar thermo-coupled electrochemical depolymerization of plastics to generate useful fuel plus abundant hydrogen Jiang, Tingting; Zhao, Xule; Gu, Di Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110208	journal	January 2020
One-Pot Depolymerization and Polycondensation of PET Based Random Oligo- and Polyesters Kárpáti, Levente; Fogarassy, Fanni; Kovácsik, Dániel Journal of Polymers and the Environment, Vol. 27, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01490-3	journal	July 2019
Metal–Organic Cooperative Catalysis in C–H and C–C Bond Activation Kim, Dong-Su; Park, Woo-Jin; Jun, Chul-Ho Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00554	journal	January 2017
Enzymatic catalysis in nonaqueous solvents. Zaks, A.; Klibanov, A. M. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 263, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69054-4	journal	March 1988

Similar Records

Catalysis for plastic deconstruction and upcycling

Journal Article · Tue Sep 17 20:00:00 EDT 2024 · Cell Reports Physical Science · OSTI ID:2586945

Biological Upcycling of Plastics Waste

Journal Article · Sun Apr 14 20:00:00 EDT 2024 · Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering · OSTI ID:2999544

Related Subjects

28 EE - Advanced Manufacturing Office (EE-5A)
catalytic depolymerization
chemical deconstruction
hybrid processes
plastics upcycling

Chemical and Biological Catalysis for Plastics Recycling and Upcycling

Citation Formats

References (184)

Similar Records

Related Subjects