Skip to main content
OSTI.GOVU.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
 

Quantification of heterogeneous, irreversible lithium plating in extreme fast charging of lithium-ion batteries

Journal Article · · Energy & Environmental Science
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ee01216a· OSTI ID:1820143
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [5];  [5];  [2];  [1]
  1. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  2. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering
  3. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Univ. Paderborn (Germany). Dept. Chemie
  4. Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States). Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry Dept.
  5. Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
  6. Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Realization of extreme fast charging (XFC, ≤15 minutes) of lithium-ion batteries is imperative for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. However, dramatic capacity fading is associated with XFC, limiting its implementation. To quantitatively elucidate the effects of irreversible lithium plating and other degradation mechanisms on the cell capacity, it is important to understand the links between lithium plating and cell degradation at both the local and global (over the full cell) scales. Here, we study the nature of local lithium plating after hundreds of XFC cycles (charging C-rates ranging from 4C to 9C) in industrially-relevant pouch cells using spatially resolved X-ray diffraction. Our results reveal a spatial correlation at the mm scale between irreversible lithium plating on the anode, inactive lithiated graphite phases, and local state-of-charge of the cathode. In regions of plated lithium, additional lithium is locally and irreversibly trapped as lithiated graphite, contributing to the loss of lithium inventory (LLI) and to a local loss of active anode material. The total LLI in the cell from irreversibly plated lithium is linearly correlated to the capacity loss in the batteries after XFC cycling, with a non-zero offset originating from other parasitic side reactions. Finally, at the global (cell) scale, LLI drives the capacity fade, rather than electrode degradation. We anticipate that the understanding of lithium plating and other degradation mechanisms during XFC gained in this work will help lead to new approaches towards designing high-rate batteries in which irreversible lithium plating is minimized.

Research Organization:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office; National Science Foundation (NSF)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-76SF00515
OSTI ID:
1820143
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1811942
OSTI ID: 1820650
OSTI ID: 1833404
Journal Information:
Energy & Environmental Science, Journal Name: Energy & Environmental Science Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 14; ISSN 1754-5692
Publisher:
Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (36)

A Review of Existing and Emerging Methods for Lithium Detection and Characterization in Li‐Ion and Li‐Metal Batteries journal March 2021
A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries journal September 2010
Electrode scale and electrolyte transport effects on extreme fast charging of lithium-ion cells journal March 2020
Fast-charging to a partial state of charge in lithium-ion batteries: A comparative ageing study journal October 2017
Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review journal August 2019
Correlating Structure and Function of Battery Interphases at Atomic Resolution Using Cryoelectron Microscopy journal October 2018
Interplay of Lithium Intercalation and Plating on a Single Graphite Particle journal February 2021
Understanding structural changes in NMC Li-ion cells by in situ neutron diffraction journal June 2014
The impact of range anxiety and home, workplace, and public charging infrastructure on simulated battery electric vehicle lifetime utility journal July 2014
The effect of charging rate on the graphite electrode of commercial lithium-ion cells: A post-mortem study journal December 2016
Degradation diagnostics for lithium ion cells journal February 2017
Probing lithium-ion batteries' state-of-charge using ultrasonic transmission – Concept and laboratory testing journal March 2017
Enabling fast charging – A battery technology gap assessment journal November 2017
Anode-originated SEI migration contributes to formation of cathode-electrolyte interphase layer journal January 2018
Li plating as unwanted side reaction in commercial Li-ion cells – A review journal April 2018
In Operando Acoustic Detection of Lithium Metal Plating in Commercial LiCoO2/Graphite Pouch Cells journal April 2020
Heterogeneous Behavior of Lithium Plating during Extreme Fast Charging journal July 2020
A machine learning framework for early detection of lithium plating combining multiple physics-based electrochemical signatures journal March 2021
Between Scylla and Charybdis: Balancing Among Structural Stability and Energy Density of Layered NCM Cathode Materials for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries journal November 2017
From Microparticles to Nanowires and Back: Radical Transformations in Plated Li Metal Morphology Revealed via in Situ Scanning Electron Microscopy journal February 2018
Quantification of Inactive Lithium and Solid–Electrolyte Interphase Species on Graphite Electrodes after Fast Charging journal May 2020
Formation and Inhibition of Metallic Lithium Microstructures in Lithium Batteries Driven by Chemical Crossover journal May 2017
Intragranular cracking as a critical barrier for high-voltage usage of layer-structured cathode for lithium-ion batteries journal January 2017
Challenges and opportunities towards fast-charging battery materials journal June 2019
Quantifying inactive lithium in lithium metal batteries journal August 2019
Quantifying lithium concentration gradients in the graphite electrode of Li-ion cells using operando energy dispersive X-ray diffraction journal January 2019
Spatial dynamics of lithiation and lithium plating during high-rate operation of graphite electrodes journal January 2020
Toward quantifying capacity losses due to solid electrolyte interphase evolution in silicon thin film batteries journal February 2020
Strong texturing of lithium metal in batteries journal October 2017
Parameter Estimation and Life Modeling of Lithium-Ion Cells journal January 2008
A High Precision Coulometry Study of the SEI Growth in Li/Graphite Cells journal January 2011
What do Coulombic Efficiency and Capacity Retention Truly Measure? A Deep Dive into Cyclable Lithium Inventory, Limitation Type, and Redox Side Reactions journal July 2020
Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes journal November 2015
In-Situ Detection of Lithium Plating Using High Precision Coulometry journal January 2015
Extreme Fast Charge Challenges for Lithium-Ion Battery: Variability and Positive Electrode Issues journal January 2019
Electrochemical Quantification of Lithium Plating: Challenges and Considerations journal January 2019

Similar Records

Quantitative Analysis of Origin of Lithium Inventory Loss and Interface Evolution over Extended Fast Charge Aging in Li Ion Batteries
Journal Article · Wed Jul 26 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces · OSTI ID:1997487

Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS