Review of wake management techniques for wind turbines

Houck, Daniel R.

doi:10.1002/we.2668

Review of wake management techniques for wind turbines

Journal Article · Fri Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Wind Energy

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2668· OSTI ID:1817767

^[1]

Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque New Mexico 87123 USA

Summary

The progression of wind turbine technology has led to wind turbines being incredibly optimized machines often approaching their theoretical maximum production capabilities. When placed together in arrays to make wind farms, however, they are subject to wake interference that greatly reduces downstream turbines' power production, increases structural loading and maintenance, reduces their lifetimes, and ultimately increases the levelized cost of energy. Development of techniques to manage wakes and operate larger and larger arrays of turbines more efficiently is now a crucial field of research. Herein, four wake management techniques in various states of development are reviewed. These include axial induction control, wake steering, the latter two combined, and active wake control. Each of these is reviewed in terms of its control strategies and use for power maximization, load reduction, and ancillary services. By evaluating existing research, several directions for future research are suggested.

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Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 1817767

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1820437
OSTI ID: 1822226
OSTI ID: 1825117

Report Number(s):: SAND--2021-11244J; SAND--2021-8514J

Journal Information:: Wind Energy, Journal Name: Wind Energy Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 25; ISSN 1095-4244

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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Operation and Control Strategies for Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Review and Simulation Study Chhor, Johnny; Matschke, Andre; Kipke, Vile 2019 Fourteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER) https://doi.org/10.1109/EVER.2019.8813521	conference	May 2019
Active power dispatch method for a wind farm central controller considering wake effect Tian, J.; Su, C.; Soltani, M. IECON 2014 - 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2014.7049333	conference	October 2014
An Active Power Regulation Strategy for Wind Farm Considering Wake Effect Lyu, Xue; Jia, Youwei; Xu, Zhao 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT) https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2019.8791662	conference	February 2019
Meteorological Controls on Wind Turbine Wakes Barthelmie, Rebecca J.; Hansen, Kurt S.; Pryor, Sara C. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2012.2204029	journal	April 2013
Reducing power gradients in large-scale wind farms by optimal active power control De Rijcke, Simon; Meyers, Johan; Driesen, Johan 2013 IEEE Grenoble PowerTech, 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2013.6652360	conference	June 2013
Wind farm active power dispatch for output power maximizing based on a wind turbine control strategy for load minimizing Zhang, Baohua; Hu, Weihao; Hou, Peng 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Mobility Applications, Renewables and Technology (SMART) https://doi.org/10.1109/SMART.2015.7399215	conference	November 2015
A Model-Free Approach to Wind Farm Control Using Game Theoretic Methods Marden, Jason R.; Ruben, Shalom D.; Pao, Lucy Y. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2013.2257780	journal	July 2013
Wind Farms as Reactive Power Ancillary Service Providers—Technical and Economic Issues Ullah, N. R.; Bhattacharya, K.; Thiringer, T. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2008.2008957	journal	September 2009
Releasable Kinetic Energy-Based Inertial Control of a DFIG Wind Power Plant Lee, Jinsik; Muljadi, Eduard; Sorensen, Poul IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2015.2493165	journal	January 2016
Reactive Power Dispatch Method in Wind Farms to Improve the Lifetime of Power Converter Considering Wake Effect Tian, Jie; Zhou, Dao; Su, Chi IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2016.2607146	journal	April 2017
Field Implementation and Trial of Coordinated Control of WIND Farms Ahmad, Tanvir; Coupiac, Olivier; Petit, Arthur IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2017.2774508	journal	July 2018
Power Properties of Two Interacting Wind Turbine Rotors Okulov, Valery L.; Mikkelsen, Robert; Sørensen, Jens N. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Vol. 139, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036250	journal	March 2017
Wake Deflection in Long Distance From a Yawed Wind Turbine Uemura, Yuta; Tanabe, Yasutada; Mamori, Hiroya Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Vol. 139, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036541	journal	May 2017
Data-Driven Methods for the Analysis of Wind Turbine Yaw Control Optimization Astolfi, Davide; Castellani, Francesco; Natili, Francesco Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 143, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047413	journal	June 2020
Maximizing Wind Farm Energy Capture via Nested-Loop Extremum Seeking Control Yang, Zhongzhou; Li, Yaoyu; Seem, John E. ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, Volume 3: Nonlinear Estimation and Control; Optimization and Optimal Control; Piezoelectric Actuation and Nanoscale Control; Robotics and Manipulators; Sensing; System Identification (Estimation for Automotive Applications, Modeling, Therapeutic Control in Bio-Systems); Variable Structure/Sliding-Mode Control; Vehicles and Human Robotics; Vehicle Dynamics and Control; Vehicle Path Planning and Collision Avoidance; Vibrational and Mechanical Systems; Wind Energy Systems and Control https://doi.org/10.1115/DSCC2013-3971	conference	March 2014
Wind farm power maximization based on a cooperative static game approach Park, Jinkyoo; Kwon, Soonduck; Law, Kincho H. SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, SPIE Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2009618	conference	April 2013
Wind farm cooperative control for optimal power generation Wang, Fa; Garcia-Sanz, Mario Wind Engineering, Vol. 42, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X18780377	journal	June 2018
Wind turbine wake position detection and rotor speed-based wake steering validation in a wind tunnel wake simulator Castillo, Ricardo; Bayne, Stephen; Pol, Suhas Wind Engineering, Vol. 44, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1177/0309524X19852350	journal	June 2019
Assessment of Extremum Seeking Control for Wind Farm Energy Production Johnson, Kathryn E.; Fritsch, Geraldine Wind Engineering, Vol. 36, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1260/0309-524X.36.6.701	journal	December 2012
Explicit Solutions for Simple Models of Wind Turbine Interference Kiani, Arman; Abdulrahman, Mamdouh; Wood, David Wind Engineering, Vol. 38, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1260/0309-524X.38.2.167	journal	April 2014
Aerodynamic design of the National Rotor Testbed Kelley, Christopher Lee https://doi.org/10.2172/1346410	report	October 2015
An Introduction to Grid Services: Concepts, Technical Requirements, and Provision from Wind Denholm, Paul L.; Sun, Yinong; Mai, Trieu T. https://doi.org/10.2172/1505934	report	April 2019
A tutorial on control-oriented modeling and control of wind farms Boersma, S.; Doekemeijer, B. M.; Gebraad, P. M. O. 2017 American Control Conference (ACC) https://doi.org/10.23919/ACC.2017.7962923	conference	May 2017
Efficient Optimization of Large Wind Farms for Real-Time Control Annoni, Jennifer; Bay, Christopher; Taylor, Timothy 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC) https://doi.org/10.23919/ACC.2018.8430751	conference	June 2018
Active Power Control of Waked Wind Farms: Compensation of Turbine Saturation and Thrust Force Balance Silva, Jean Gonzalez; Doekemeijer, Bart; Ferrari, Riccardo 2021 European Control Conference (ECC) https://doi.org/10.23919/ECC54610.2021.9655154	conference	June 2021
Predicting Wind Turbine Wake Breakdown Using a Free Vortex Wake Code Marten, David; Paschereit, Christian O.; Huang, Xu AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-2080	conference	January 2019
Forced wake meandering for rapid recovery of velocity deficits in a wind turbine wake Kimura, Keita; Tanabe, Yasutada; Matsuo, Yuichi AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-2083	conference	January 2019
Can you accelerate wind turbine wake decay with unsteady operation? Houck, Dan; Cowen, Edwin (Todd) AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-2084	conference	January 2019
Rapidly Recovering Wind Turbine Wakes with Dynamic Pitch and Rotor Speed Control Brown, Kenneth; Houck, Daniel; Maniaci, David C. AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-1182	conference	January 2021
Wind Turbine Wake Mitigation through Blade Pitch Offset Dilip, Deepu; Porté-Agel, Fernando Energies, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/en10060757	journal	May 2017
A Data-Driven, Cooperative Approach for Wind Farm Control: A Wind Tunnel Experimentation Park, Jinkyoo; Kwon, Soon-Duck; Law, Kincho Energies, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070852	journal	June 2017
Dynamic Strategies for Yaw and Induction Control of Wind Farms Based on Large-Eddy Simulation and Optimization Munters, Wim; Meyers, Johan Energies, Vol. 11, Issue 1, p. 177 https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010177	journal	January 2018
Fast Processing Intelligent Wind Farm Controller for Production Maximisation Ahmad, Tanvir; Basit, Abdul; Anwar, Juveria Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030544	journal	February 2019
Wake Management in Wind Farms: An Adaptive Control Approach Dhiman, Harsh; Deb, Dipankar; Muresan, Vlad Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071247	journal	April 2019
Implementation and Analyses of Yaw Based Coordinated Control of Wind Farms Ahmad, Tanvir; Basit, Abdul; Ahsan, Muneeb Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071266	journal	April 2019
Wind Farm Yaw Optimization via Random Search Algorithm Kuo, Jim; Pan, Kevin; Li, Ni Energies, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040865	journal	February 2020
Wind Farm Loads under Wake Redirection Control Kanev, Stoyan; Bot, Edwin; Giles, Jack Energies, Vol. 13, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164088	journal	August 2020
Optimal Coordinated Control of Power Extraction in LES of a Wind Farm with Entrance Effects Goit, Jay; Munters, Wim; Meyers, Johan Energies, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/en9010029	journal	January 2016
Wind Turbine Wake-Redirection Control at the Fishermen's Atlantic City Windfarm Churchfield, Matthew J.; Fleming, Paul; Bulder, Bernard Offshore Technology Conference, All Days https://doi.org/10.4043/25644-MS	conference	May 2015
Field test of wake steering at an offshore wind farm Fleming, Paul; Annoni, Jennifer; Shah, Jigar J. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-229-2017	journal	January 2017
A validation and code-to-code verification of FAST for a megawatt-scale wind turbine with aeroelastically tailored blades Guntur, Srinivas; Jonkman, Jason; Sievers, Ryan Wind Energy Science, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-443-2017	journal	January 2017
Assessment of wind turbine component loads under yaw-offset conditions Damiani, Rick; Dana, Scott; Annoni, Jennifer Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-173-2018	journal	January 2018
A simulation study demonstrating the importance of large-scale trailing vortices in wake steering Fleming, Paul; Annoni, Jennifer; Churchfield, Matthew Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-243-2018	journal	January 2018
Wind tunnel experiments on wind turbine wakes in yaw: effects of inflow turbulence and shear Bartl, Jan; Mühle, Franz; Schottler, Jannik Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-329-2018	journal	January 2018
Towards practical dynamic induction control of wind farms: analysis of optimally controlled wind-farm boundary layers and sinusoidal induction control of first-row turbines Munters, Wim; Meyers, Johan Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-409-2018	journal	January 2018
Wind tunnel study on power output and yaw moments for two yaw-controlled model wind turbines Bartl, Jan; Mühle, Franz; Sætran, Lars Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-489-2018	journal	January 2018
An active power control approach for wake-induced load alleviation in a fully developed wind farm boundary layer Vali, Mehdi; Petrović, Vlaho; Steinfeld, Gerald Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-139-2019	journal	January 2019
Initial results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 1 Fleming, Paul; King, Jennifer; Dykes, Katherine Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-273-2019	journal	January 2019
Lidar measurements of yawed-wind-turbine wakes: characterization and validation of analytical models Brugger, Peter; Debnath, Mithu; Scholbrock, Andrew Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1253-2020	journal	January 2020
Wind tunnel testing of wake steering with dynamic wind direction changes Campagnolo, Filippo; Weber, Robin; Schreiber, Johannes Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1273-2020	journal	January 2020
Optimal closed-loop wake steering – Part 1: Conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layer conditions Howland, Michael F.; Ghate, Aditya S.; Lele, Sanjiva K. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1315-2020	journal	January 2020
Periodic dynamic induction control of wind farms: proving the potential in simulations and wind tunnel experiments Frederik, Joeri Alexis; Weber, Robin; Cacciola, Stefano Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-245-2020	journal	January 2020
Optimizing wind farm control through wake steering using surrogate models based on high-fidelity simulations Hulsman, Paul; Andersen, Søren Juhl; Göçmen, Tuhfe Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-309-2020	journal	January 2020
Wake steering optimization under uncertainty Quick, Julian; King, Jennifer; King, Ryan N. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020	journal	January 2020
Continued results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 2 Fleming, Paul; King, Jennifer; Simley, Eric Wind Energy Science, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-945-2020	journal	January 2020
Axial induction controller field test at Sedini wind farm Bossanyi, Ervin; Ruisi, Renzo Wind Energy Science, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-389-2021	journal	January 2021
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica Newton, Isaac https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.52126.39088015628399	book	January 1687

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17 WIND ENERGY
ancillary services
control
induction
loads
power production
wake
wind turbine
yaw

Review of wake management techniques for wind turbines

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