Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review

Zhang, Qi; Jimenez, Jose L.; Canagaratna, Manjula R.; Ulbrich, Ingrid M.; Ng, Nga L.; Worsnop, Douglas R.; Sun, Yele

doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y

Title: Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review

Journal Article · Wed Oct 05 00:00:00 EDT 2011 · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y· OSTI ID:1816656

Zhang, Qi ^[1]; Jimenez, Jose L. ^[2]; Canagaratna, Manjula R. ^[3]; Ulbrich, Ingrid M. ^[4]; Ng, Nga L. ^[5]; Worsnop, Douglas R. ^[5]; Sun, Yele ^[1]

Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Envrionmental Toxicology
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Cooperative Inst. for Research in Environmental Sciences
Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, MA (United States)
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Aerodyne Research, Inc, Billerica, MA (United States)

Organic species are an important but poorly characterized constituent of airborne particulate matter. A quantitative understanding of the organic fraction of particles (organic aerosol, OA) is necessary to reduce some of the largest uncertainties that confound the assessment of the radiative forcing of climate and air quality management policies. In recent years, aerosol mass spectrometry has been increasingly relied upon for highly time-resolved characterization of OA chemistry and for elucidation of aerosol sources and lifecycle processes. Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) are particularly widely used, because of their ability to quantitatively characterize the size-resolved composition of submicron particles (PM₁). AMS report the bulk composition and temporal variations of OA in the form of ensemble mass spectra (MS) acquired over short time intervals. Because each MS represents the linear superposition of the spectra of individual components weighed by their concentrations, multivariate factor analysis of the MS matrix has proved effective at retrieving OA factors that offer a quantitative and simplified description of the thousands of individual organic species. The sum of the factors accounts for nearly 100% of the OA mass and each individual factor typically corresponds to a large group of OA constituents with similar chemical composition and temporal behavior that are characteristic of different sources and/or atmospheric processes. The application of this technique in aerosol mass spectrometry has grown rapidly in the last six years. Here we review multivariate factor analysis techniques applied to AMS and other aerosol mass spectrometers, and summarize key findings from field observations. Results that provide valuable information about aerosol sources and, in particular, secondary OA evolution on regional and global scales are highlighted. Advanced methods, for example a-priori constraints on factor mass spectra and the application of factor analysis to combined aerosol and gas phase data are discussed. Integrated analysis of worldwide OA factors is used to present a holistic regional and global description of OA. Finally, different ways in which OA factors can constrain global and regional models are discussed.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-08ER64627; SC0007178; SC0002191; SC0006035; FG02-11ER65293; FGOZO5ER63982; ATM-0919189; ATM-0528170; NAo80AR4310565; NA05OAR3410102; AB133R04SE0480; RA1330-02-SE-0150

OSTI ID:: 1816656

Journal Information:: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 401, Issue 10; ISSN 1618-2642

Publisher:: SpringerCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Aerosol composition and sources during the Chinese Spring Festival: fireworks, secondary aerosol, and holiday effects Jiang, Q.; Sun, Y. L.; Wang, Z. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6023-2015	journal	January 2015
Seasonal differences in oxygenated organic aerosol composition: implications for emissions sources and factor analysis Canonaco, F.; Slowik, J. G.; Baltensperger, U. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6993-2015	journal	January 2015
Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs Fuzzi, S.; Baltensperger, U.; Carslaw, K. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015	journal	January 2015
Regional influence of wildfires on aerosol chemistry in the western US and insights into atmospheric aging of biomass burning organic aerosol Zhou, Shan; Collier, Sonya; Jaffe, Daniel A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2477-2017	journal	January 2017
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Source apportionment of organic aerosol from 2-year highly time-resolved measurements by an aerosol chemical speciation monitor in Beijing, China Sun, Yele; Xu, Weiqi; Zhang, Qi Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8469-2018	journal	January 2018
Constructing a data-driven receptor model for organic and inorganic aerosol – a synthesis analysis of eight mass spectrometric data sets from a boreal forest site Äijälä, Mikko; Daellenbach, Kaspar R.; Canonaco, Francesco Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3645-2019	journal	January 2019
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Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Houston, Texas: Insights to secondary organic aerosols Al-Naiema, Ibrahim M.; Hettiyadura, Anusha P. S.; Wallace, Henry W. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-343	journal	April 2018
Rapid transition in winter aerosol composition in Beijing from 2014 to 2017: response to clean air actions Li, Haiyan; Cheng, Jing; Zhang, Qiang Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-450	posted_content	May 2019
Analysis of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging using positive matrix factorization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra: application to the dodecane low-NO_x system Craven, J. S.; Yee, L. D.; Ng, N. L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-16647-2012	posted_content	July 2012
Size-resolved online chemical analysis of nanoaerosol particles: a thermal desorption differential mobility analyzer coupled to a chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer Wagner, Andrea C.; Bergen, Anton; Brilke, Sophia Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5489-2018	journal	January 2018
A novel approach for simple statistical analysis of high-resolution mass spectra Zhang, Yanjun; Peräkylä, Otso; Yan, Chao Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3761-2019	journal	January 2019
Organic PM Emissions from Vehicles: Composition, O/C Ratio, and Dependence on PM Concentration Collier, Sonya; Zhou, Shan; Kuwayama, Toshihiro Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1285021.v2	text	January 2015
Chemical composition of aerosol particles and light extinction apportionment before and during the heating season in Beijing, China: COMPOSITION AND EXTINCTION APPORTIONMENT Wang, Qingqing; Sun, Yele; Jiang, Qi Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 120, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023871	journal	December 2015
Regional Similarities and NO _x ‐Related Increases in Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol in Summertime Southeastern United States Liu, Jun; Russell, Lynn M.; Ruggeri, Giulia Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028491	journal	September 2018
Particles, air quality, policy and health Heal, Mathew R.; Kumar, Prashant; Harrison, Roy M. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 41, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35076a	journal	January 2012
Review of receptor modeling methods for source apportionment Hopke, Philip K. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 66, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2016.1140693	journal	December 2015
Cloud condensation nuclei activity, droplet growth kinetics, and hygroscopicity of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) Zhao, Df; Buchholz, A.; Kortner, B. Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.5911	text	January 2016
Analysis of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging using positive matrix factorization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra: application to the dodecane low-NO _x system Craven, J. S.; Yee, L. D.; Ng, N. L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11795-2012	journal	January 2012
Characterization of submicron particles influenced by mixed biogenic and anthropogenic emissions using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: results from CARES Setyan, A.; Zhang, Q.; Merkel, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8131-2012	journal	January 2012
Wintertime aerosol chemical composition and source apportionment of the organic fraction in the metropolitan area of Paris Crippa, M.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Slowik, J. G. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-961-2013	journal	January 2013
Advanced source apportionment of size-resolved trace elements at multiple sites in London during winter Visser, S.; Slowik, J. G.; Furger, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11291-2015	journal	January 2015
Fourteen months of on-line measurements of the non-refractory submicron aerosol at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) – chemical composition, origins and organic aerosol sources Fröhlich, R.; Cubison, M. J.; Slowik, J. G. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11373-2015	journal	January 2015
Black carbon surface oxidation and organic composition of beech-wood soot aerosols Corbin, J. C.; Lohmann, U.; Sierau, B. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11885-2015	journal	January 2015
Organic carbon at a remote site of the western Mediterranean Basin: sources and chemistry during the ChArMEx SOP2 field experiment Michoud, Vincent; Sciare, Jean; Sauvage, Stéphane Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8837-2017	journal	January 2017
Primary and secondary organic aerosol from heated cooking oil emissions Liu, Tengyu; Wang, Zhaoyi; Wang, Xinming Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11363-2018	journal	January 2018
Assessing the role of anthropogenic and biogenic sources on PM₁ over southern West Africa using aircraft measurements Brito, Joel; Freney, Evelyn; Dominutti, Pamela Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-757-2018	journal	January 2018
Composition and origin of PM_2.5 aerosol particles in the upper Rhine valley in summer Shen, Xiaoli; Vogel, Heike; Vogel, Bernhard Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13189-2019	journal	January 2019
Free tropospheric aerosols at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory: more oxidized and higher sulfate content compared to boundary layer aerosols Zhou, Shan; Collier, Sonya; Jaffe, Daniel A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1571-2019	journal	January 2019
Effect of salt seed particle surface area, composition and phase on secondary organic aerosol mass yields in oxidation flow reactors Ahlberg, Erik; Eriksson, Axel; Brune, William H. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2701-2019	journal	January 2019
Diurnal variation and size dependence of the hygroscopicity of organic aerosol at a forest site in Wakayama, Japan: their relationship to CCN concentrations Deng, Yange; Yai, Hikari; Fujinari, Hiroaki Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5889-2019	journal	January 2019
Chemical characterization and sources of submicron aerosols in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: insights from high-resolution mass spectrometry Zhang, Xinghua; Xu, Jianzhong; Kang, Shichang Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7897-2019	journal	January 2019
Distinct diurnal variation in organic aerosol hygroscopicity and its relationship with oxygenated organic aerosol Kuang, Ye; He, Yao; Xu, Wanyun Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-865-2020	journal	January 2020
Primary and secondary aerosols in Beijing in winter: sources, variations and processes Sun, Yele; Du, Wei; Fu, Pingqing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-255	journal	March 2016
Dominant contribution of oxygenated organic aerosol to haze particles from real-time observation in Singapore during an Indonesian wildfire event in 2015 Budisulistiorini, Sri Hapsari; Riva, Matthieu; Williams, Michael Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-217	journal	March 2018
The impact of biomass burning and aqueous-phase processing on air quality: a multi-year source apportionment study in the Po Valley, Italy Paglione, Marco; Gilardoni, Stefania; Rinaldi, Matteo Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-274	posted_content	April 2019
Multi-generation gas-phase oxidation, equilibrium partitioning, and the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol Cappa, C. D.; Wilson, K. R. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-3295-2012	journal	January 2012
Aerosol composition, sources and processes during wintertime in Beijing, China Sun, Y. L.; Wang, Z. F.; Fu, P. Q. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-2077-2013	journal	January 2013
Primary and secondary organic aerosol origin by combined gas-particle phase source apportionment Crippa, M.; Canonaco, F.; Slowik, J. G. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-8537-2013	posted_content	March 2013
Influences of emission sources and meteorology on aerosol chemistry in a polluted urban environment: results from DISCOVER-AQ California Young, D. E.; Kim, H.; Parworth, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol. 15, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-35057-2015	journal	January 2015
ACTRIS ACSM intercomparison – Part 2: Intercomparison of ME-2 organic source apportionment results from 15 individual, co-located aerosol mass spectrometers Fröhlich, R.; Crenn, V.; Setyan, A. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2555-2015	journal	January 2015
Implementing marine organic aerosols into the GEOS-Chem model Gantt, B.; Johnson, M. S.; Crippa, M. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-619-2015	journal	January 2015
Remote biomass burning dominates southern West African air pollution during the monsoon Haslett, Sophie L.; Taylor, Jonathan W.; Evans, Mathew Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000104547	text	January 2019
WITHDRAWN: Source apportionment of fine PM by combining high time resolution organic and inorganic chemical composition datasets Belis, C. A.; Pikridas, M.; Lucarelli, F. Atmospheric Environment https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116816	journal	July 2019
Significant concentration changes of chemical components of PM1 in the Yangtze River Delta area of China and the implications for the formation mechanism of heavy haze–fog pollution Zhang, Y. W.; Zhang, X. Y.; Zhang, Y. M. Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 538 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.104	journal	December 2015
“APEC Blue”: Secondary Aerosol Reductions from Emission Controls in Beijing Sun, Yele; Wang, Zifa; Wild, Oliver Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20668	journal	February 2016
Moving beyond Fine Particle Mass: High-Spatial Resolution Exposure to Source-Resolved Atmospheric Particle Number and Chemical Mixing State Ye, Qing; Li, Hugh Z.; Gu, Peishi Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 128, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp5311	journal	January 2020
An Analysis on the Effectiveness of Nitrogen Oxide Reduction from Applying Titanium Dioxide on Urban Roads Using a Statistical Method Lee, Sang-Hyuk; Lee, Jong-Won; Kim, Moon-Kyung Atmosphere, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080972	journal	July 2021
PM1 Chemical Characterization during the ACU15 Campaign, South of Mexico City Salcedo, Dara; Alvarez-Ospina, Harry; Peralta, Oscar Atmosphere, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060232	journal	June 2018
Primary and secondary organic aerosol origin by combined gas-particle phase source apportionment Monica, Crippa,; Francesco, Canonaco,; G., Slowik, Jay ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000071580	text	January 2013
SoFi, an IGOR-based interface for the efficient use of the generalized multilinear engine (ME-2) for the source apportionment: ME-2 application to aerosol mass spectrometer data Francesco, Canonaco,; Monica, Crippa,; Gates, Slowik, Jay ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000080882	text	January 2013
A new method for long-term source apportionment with time-dependent factor profiles and uncertainty assessment using SoFi Pro: application to 1 year of organic aerosol data Francesco, Canonaco,; Anna, Tobler,; Gang, Chen, ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000547411	text	January 2021
Chemical composition, sources, and processes of urban aerosols during summertime in northwest China: insights from high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry Xu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12593-2014	journal	January 2014
Aerosol source apportionment from 1-year measurements at the CESAR tower in Cabauw, the Netherlands Schlag, Patrick; Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid; Blom, Marcus Johannes Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8831-2016	journal	July 2016
Evaluation of traffic exhaust contributions to ambient carbonaceous submicron particulate matter in an urban roadside environment in Hong Kong Lee, Berto Paul; Louie, Peter Kwok Keung; Luk, Connie Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15121-2017	journal	December 2017
Experimental and model estimates of the contributions from biogenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes to secondary organic aerosol in the southeastern United States Xu, Lu; Pye, Havala O. T.; He, Jia Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12613-2018	journal	January 2018
Aerosol chemistry and particle growth events at an urban downwind site in North China Plain Zhang, Yingjie; Du, Wei; Wang, Yuying Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14637-2018	journal	January 2018
A large contribution of anthropogenic organo-nitrates to secondary organic aerosol in the Alberta oil sands Lee, Alex K. Y.; Adam, Max G.; Liggio, John Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12209-2019	journal	January 2019
Characterization of nighttime formation of particulate organic nitrates based on high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry in an urban atmosphere in China Yu, Kuangyou; Zhu, Qiao; Du, Ke Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5235-2019	journal	January 2019
Seasonal differences in formation processes of oxidized organic aerosol near Houston, TX Dai, Qili; Schulze, Benjamin C.; Bi, Xiaohui Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9641-2019	journal	July 2019
Size-segregated particle number and mass concentrations from different emission sources in urban Beijing Cai, Jing; Chu, Biwu; Yao, Lei Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12721-2020	journal	November 2020
Characterization of submicron organic particles in Beijing during summertime: comparison between SP-AMS and HR-AMS Wang, Junfeng; Ye, Jianhuai; Liu, Dantong Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14091-2020	journal	November 2020
Fine particle characterization in a coastal city in China: composition, sources, and impacts of industrial emissions Lei, Lu; Xie, Conghui; Wang, Dawei Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2877-2020	journal	March 2020
Insights into atmospheric oxidation processes by performing factor analyses on subranges of mass spectra Zhang, Yanjun; Peräkylä, Otso; Yan, Chao Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5945-2020	journal	May 2020
Sources and atmospheric dynamics of organic aerosol in New Delhi, India: insights from receptor modeling Bhandari, Sahil; Gani, Shahzad; Patel, Kanan Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-735-2020	journal	January 2020
A 1-year characterization of organic aerosol composition and sources using an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) Qi, Lu; Vogel, Alexander L.; Esmaeilirad, Sepideh Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7875-2020	journal	January 2020
Interactive comment on “Variations in the chemical composition of the submicron aerosol and in the sources of the organic fraction at a regional background site of the Po Valley (Italy)” by M. Bressi et al. Bressi, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-102-ac3	posted_content	July 2016
Open burning of rice, corn and wheat straws: primary emissions, photochemical aging, and secondary organic aerosol formation Fang, Zheng; Deng, Wei; Zhang, Yanli Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-626	journal	August 2017
Interactive comment on “Characterization of nighttime formation of particulate organic nitrates based on high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry in an urban atmosphere in China” by Kuangyou Yu et al. Yu, Kuangyou Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1009-ac2	posted_content	January 2019
Source apportionment of the submicron organic aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean from 53°N to 53°S using HR-ToF-AMS Huang, Shan; Wu, Zhijun; Poulain, Laurent Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-307	posted_content	March 2018
Free Tropospheric Aerosols at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory: More Oxidized and Higher Sulfate Content Compared to Boundary Layer Aerosols Zhou, Shan; Collier, Sonya; Jaffe, Daniel A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-821	journal	September 2018
Supporting Information for Significant source of secondary aerosol: formation from gasoline evaporation emissions in the presence of SO₂ and NH₃ Chen, Tianzeng; Liu, Yongchun; Ma, Qingxin https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-14-supplement	preprint
Seasonal variations in the highly time-resolved aerosol composition, sources and chemical processes of background submicron particles in the North China Plain Li, Jiayun; Cao, Liming; Gao, Wenkang Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4521-2021	journal	March 2021
Wintertime aerosol chemical composition and source apportionment of the organic fraction in the metropolitan area of Paris Crippa, M.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Slowik, J. G. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-22535-2012	journal	January 2012
Submicron particles influenced by mixed biogenic and anthropogenic emissions: high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry results from the Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) Setyan, A.; Zhang, Q.; Merkel, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-5601-2012	posted_content	February 2012
Diesel-related hydrocarbons can dominate gas phase reactive carbon in megacities Dunmore, R. E.; Hopkins, J. R.; Lidster, R. T. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-9541-2015	posted_content	March 2015
Characterization of anthropogenic organic aerosols by TOF-ACSM with the new capture vaporizer Zheng, Yan; Cheng, Xi; Liao, Keren Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2457-2020	journal	January 2020
Improved source apportionment of organic aerosolsin complex urban air pollution using the multilinear engine (ME-2) Zhu, Qiao; Huang, Xiao-Feng; Cao, Li-Ming Atmospheric Measurement Techniques https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2017-372	posted_content	October 2017
Comparison of dimension reduction techniques in the analysis of mass spectrometry data Isokääntä, Sini; Kari, Eetu; Buchholz, Angela Atmospheric Measurement Techniques https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-404	posted_content	November 2019
Application of mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements for the investigation of megacity air pollution emissions: the Paris metropolitan area von der Weiden-Reinmuller, S. -L.; Drewnick, F.; Crippa, M. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-7659-2013	posted_content	August 2013
ACTRIS ACSM intercomparison – Part 2: Intercomparison of ME-2 organic source apportionment results from 15 individual, co-located aerosol mass spectrometers Fröhlich, R.; Crenn, V.; Setyan, A. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-1559-2015	journal	January 2015
Modeling regional air quality and climate: improving organic aerosol and aerosol activation processes in WRF/Chem version 3.7.1 Yahya, Khairunnisa; Glotfelty, Timothy; Wang, Kai Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2333-2017	journal	January 2017
Composition and origin of PM$_{2.5}$ aerosol particles in the upper Rhine valley in summer Shen, Xiaoli; Vogel, Heike; Vogel, Bernhard Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000099738	text	January 2019
Characterization and source apportionment of organic aerosol using offline aerosol mass spectrometry Canonaco, F.; Szidat, Sönke; Daellenbach, K. R. Copernicus Publications https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.76106	text	January 2016
Wintertime organic and inorganic aerosols in Lanzhou, China: sources, processes, and comparison with the results during summer Xu, Jianzhong; Vonwiller, Matthias; Shi, Jinsen European Geosciences Union https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.91166	text	January 2016

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