Reducing Surface Recombination Velocity of Methylammonium-Free Mixed-Cation Mixed-Halide Perovskites via Surface Passivation

Jariwala, Sarthak; Burke, Sven; Dunfield, Sean; Shallcross, R. Clayton; Taddei, Margherita; Wang, Jian; Eperon, Giles E.; Armstrong, Neal R.; Berry, Joseph J.; Ginger, David S.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00848

Reducing Surface Recombination Velocity of Methylammonium-Free Mixed-Cation Mixed-Halide Perovskites via Surface Passivation

Journal Article · Wed Jun 16 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Chemistry of Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c00848· OSTI ID:1812704

Jariwala, Sarthak; Burke, Sven; Dunfield, Sean; Shallcross, R. Clayton; Taddei, Margherita; Wang, Jian; Eperon, Giles E.; Armstrong, Neal R.; Berry, Joseph J.; Ginger, David S.

We control surface recombination in the mixed-cation, mixed-halide perovskite, FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3, by passivating nonradiative defects with the polymerizable Lewis base (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS). We demonstrate average minority carrier lifetimes >4 µs, nearly single exponential monomolecular photoluminescence decays, and high external photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (>20%, corresponding to ~97% of the maximum theoretical quasi-Fermi-level splitting) at low excitation fluence. We confirm both the composition and valence band edge position of the FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite using multi-institutional, cross-validated, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. We extend the APTMS surface passivation to higher bandgap double-cation (FA and Cs) compositions (1.7, 1.75, and 1.8 eV) as well as the widely used triple-cation (FA, MA, and Cs) composition. Finally, we demonstrate that the average surface recombination velocity decreases from ~1000 to ~10 cm/s post APTMS passivation for FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3. Our results demonstrate that surface-mediated recombination is the primary nonradiative loss pathway in many methylammonium (MA)-free mixed-cation mixed-halide films with a range of different bandgaps, which is a problem observed for a wide range of perovskite active layers and reactive electrical contacts. Our study also provides insights to develop passivating molecules that help reduce surface recombination in MA-free mixed-cation mixed-halide films and indicates that surface passivation and contact engineering will enable near-theoretical device efficiencies with these materials.

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

DOE Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1812704

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5K00-80631; MainId:66362; UUID:abd8b8a2-332c-41f7-b49c-e21f702ac288; MainAdminID:48438

Journal Information:: Chemistry of Materials, Journal Name: Chemistry of Materials Journal Issue: 13 Vol. 33

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (75)

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of encapsulated stable perovskite solar cells Shi, Lei; Bucknall, Martin P.; Young, Trevor L. Science, Vol. 368, Issue 6497 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba2412	journal	May 2020
Sub-2 cm/s passivation of silicon surfaces by aprotic solutions Pointon, Alex I.; Grant, Nicholas E.; Pain, Sophie L. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0003704	journal	March 2020
Overcoming the Photovoltage Plateau in Large Bandgap Perovskite Photovoltaics Rajagopal, Adharsh; Stoddard, Ryan J.; Jo, Sae Byeok Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01480	journal	May 2018
Efficient perovskite solar cells via improved carrier management Yoo, Jason J.; Seo, Gabkyung; Chua, Matthew R. Nature, Vol. 590, Issue 7847 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03285-w	journal	February 2021
Intrinsic surface passivation of CdTe Reese, M. O.; Perkins, C. L.; Burst, J. M. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933186	journal	October 2015
Influence of Surface Termination on the Energy Level Alignment at the CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Perovskite/C60 Interface Quarti, Claudio; De Angelis, Filippo; Beljonne, David Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03259	journal	January 2017
A mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite absorber for tandem solar cells McMeekin, D. P.; Sadoughi, G.; Rehman, W. Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6269 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad5845	journal	January 2016
Compositional Engineering for Efficient Wide Band Gap Perovskites with Improved Stability to Photoinduced Phase Segregation Bush, Kevin A.; Frohna, Kyle; Prasanna, Rohit ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01255	journal	January 2018
Halide Perovskites: Is It All about the Interfaces? Schulz, Philip; Cahen, David; Kahn, Antoine Chemical Reviews, Vol. 119, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00558	journal	March 2019
Metal halide perovskite tandem and multiple-junction photovoltaics Eperon, Giles E.; Hörantner, Maximilian T.; Snaith, Henry J. Nature Reviews Chemistry, Vol. 1, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-017-0095	journal	November 2017
Hydrolysis and condensation of silicates: Effects on structure Brinker, C. J. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 100, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(88)90005-1	journal	March 1988
In Situ Back‐Contact Passivation Improves Photovoltage and Fill Factor in Perovskite Solar Cells Tan, Furui; Tan, Hairen; Saidaminov, Makhsud I. Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807435	journal	February 2019
The light and shade of perovskite solar cells Grätzel, Michael Nature Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4065	journal	August 2014
Perovskite Solar Cells: Can We Go Organic‐Free, Lead‐Free, and Dopant‐Free? Miyasaka, Tsutomu; Kulkarni, Ashish; Kim, Gyu Min Advanced Energy Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902500	journal	October 2019
The Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC): From conception to mass production Green, Martin A. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 143 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.06.055	journal	December 2015
Design of low bandgap tin–lead halide perovskite solar cells to achieve thermal, atmospheric and operational stability Prasanna, Rohit; Leijtens, Tomas; Dunfield, Sean P. Nature Energy, Vol. 4, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0471-6	journal	October 2019
Encapsulating perovskite solar cells to withstand damp heat and thermal cycling Cheacharoen, Rongrong; Boyd, Caleb C.; Burkhard, George F. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8se00250a	journal	January 2018
An improved experimental determination of external photoluminescence quantum efficiency de Mello, John C.; Wittmann, H. Felix; Friend, Richard H. Advanced Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19970090308	journal	March 1997
Formation of Surface Defects Dominates Ion Migration in Lead-Halide Perovskites Meggiolaro, Daniele; Mosconi, Edoardo; De Angelis, Filippo ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00247	journal	February 2019
Charge localization and trapping at surfaces in lead-iodide perovskites: the role of polarons and defects Ambrosio, Francesco; Meggiolaro, Daniele; Mosconi, Edoardo Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta00798f	journal	January 2020
Long-Range Charge Extraction in Back-Contact Perovskite Architectures via Suppressed Recombination Tainter, Gregory D.; Hörantner, Maximilian T.; Pazos-Outón, Luis M. Joule, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.03.010	journal	May 2019
Enhancing Defect Tolerance and Phase Stability of High-Bandgap Perovskites via Guanidinium Alloying Stoddard, Ryan J.; Rajagopal, Adharsh; Palmer, Ray L. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00576	journal	May 2018
Defect migration in methylammonium lead iodide and its role in perovskite solar cell operation Azpiroz, Jon M.; Mosconi, Edoardo; Bisquert, Juan Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE01265A	journal	January 2015
Interfacial Passivation for Perovskite Solar Cells: The Effects of the Functional Group in Phenethylammonium Iodide Zhuang, Jing; Mao, Peng; Luan, Yigang ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02375	journal	October 2019
Enabling Flexible All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells Palmstrom, Axel F.; Eperon, Giles E.; Leijtens, Tomas Joule, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.05.009	journal	September 2019
Tracking Photoexcited Carriers in Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductors: Trap-Dominated Spatial Heterogeneity and Diffusion deQuilettes, Dane W.; Jariwala, Sarthak; Burke, Sven ACS Nano, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b06242	journal	September 2017
Amide‐Catalyzed Phase‐Selective Crystallization Reduces Defect Density in Wide‐Bandgap Perovskites Kim, Junghwan; Saidaminov, Makhsud I.; Tan, Hairen Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706275	journal	February 2018
In Situ Growth of 2D Perovskite Capping Layer for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Chen, Peng; Bai, Yang; Wang, Songcan Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201706923	journal	February 2018
Impact of microstructure on local carrier lifetime in perovskite solar cells de Quilettes, D. W.; Vorpahl, S. M.; Stranks, S. D. Science, Vol. 348, Issue 6235 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5333	journal	April 2015
Highly Efficient Perovskite-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells Reaching 80% of the Theoretical Limit in Photovoltage Rajagopal, Adharsh; Yang, Zhibin; Jo, Sae Byeok Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702140	journal	July 2017
Hybrid perovskite films approaching the radiative limit with over 90% photoluminescence quantum efficiency Braly, Ian L.; deQuilettes, Dane W.; Pazos-Outón, Luis M. Nature Photonics, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0154-z	journal	April 2018
Enhanced Photoluminescence and Solar Cell Performance via Lewis Base Passivation of Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites Noel, Nakita K.; Abate, Antonio; Stranks, Samuel D. ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn5036476	journal	September 2014
Unusual defect physics in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ perovskite solar cell absorber Yin, Wan-Jian; Shi, Tingting; Yan, Yanfa Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4864778	journal	February 2014
Molecular Structure of 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Layers Formed on Silanol-Terminated Silicon Surfaces Acres, Robert G.; Ellis, Amanda V.; Alvino, Jason The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp212056s	journal	March 2012
Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell with >29% efficiency by enhanced hole extraction Al-Ashouri, Amran; Köhnen, Eike; Li, Bor Science, Vol. 370, Issue 6522 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4016	journal	December 2020
The impact of energy alignment and interfacial recombination on the internal and external open-circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells Stolterfoht, Martin; Caprioglio, Pietro; Wolff, Christian M. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02020a	journal	January 2019
Intrinsic Halide Segregation at Nanometer Scale Determines the High Efficiency of Mixed Cation/Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Gratia, Paul; Grancini, Giulia; Audinot, Jean-Nicolas Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b10049	journal	December 2016
Curtailing Perovskite Processing Limitations via Lamination at the Perovskite/Perovskite Interface Dunfield, Sean P.; Moore, David T.; Klein, Talysa R. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00548	journal	April 2018
Incorporation of rubidium cations into perovskite solar cells improves photovoltaic performance Saliba, M.; Matsui, T.; Domanski, K. Science, Vol. 354, Issue 6309 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5557	journal	September 2016
First-principles study of intrinsic defects in formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite solar cell absorbers Liu, Na; Yam, ChiYung Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00280k	journal	January 2018
Metal Halide Perovskite Polycrystalline Films Exhibiting Properties of Single Crystals Brenes, Roberto; Guo, Dengyang; Osherov, Anna Joule, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.006	journal	September 2017
Superacid-Treated Silicon Surfaces: Extending the Limit of Carrier Lifetime for Photovoltaic Applications Grant, Nicholas E.; Niewelt, Tim; Wilson, Neil R. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2751511	journal	November 2017
Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency Saliba, Michael; Matsui, Taisuke; Seo, Ji-Youn Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03874j	journal	January 2016
Hydrolysis and Condensation of Self-Assembled Monolayers of (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane on Ag and Au Surfaces Thompson, Wade R.; Cai, Mei; Ho, Mankit Langmuir, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/la960795g	journal	April 1997
Photoluminescence Lifetimes Exceeding 8 μs and Quantum Yields Exceeding 30% in Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films by Ligand Passivation deQuilettes, Dane W.; Koch, Susanne; Burke, Sven ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00236	journal	July 2016
Thermal Stability of Mixed Cation Metal Halide Perovskites in Air Tan, Wanliang; Bowring, Andrea R.; Meng, Andrew C. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b15263	journal	January 2018
Open-Circuit Voltages Exceeding 1.26 V in Planar Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells Liu, Zhifa; Krückemeier, Lisa; Krogmeier, Benedikt ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01906	journal	December 2018
Maximizing and stabilizing luminescence from halide perovskites with potassium passivation Abdi-Jalebi, Mojtaba; Andaji-Garmaroudi, Zahra; Cacovich, Stefania Nature, Vol. 555, Issue 7697 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25989	journal	March 2018
Development of rear surface passivated Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ thin film solar cells with nano-sized local rear point contacts Vermang, Bart; Fjällström, Viktor; Pettersson, Jonas Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 117, p. 505-511 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.07.025	journal	October 2013
Conformal monolayer contacts with lossless interfaces for perovskite single junction and monolithic tandem solar cells Al-Ashouri, Amran; Magomedov, Artiom; Roß, Marcel Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02268f	journal	January 2019
Triple-halide wide–band gap perovskites with suppressed phase segregation for efficient tandems Xu, Jixian; Boyd, Caleb C.; Yu, Zhengshan J. Science, Vol. 367, Issue 6482 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5074	journal	March 2020
An interface stabilized perovskite solar cell with high stabilized efficiency and low voltage loss Yoo, Jason J.; Wieghold, Sarah; Sponseller, Melany C. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee00751b	journal	January 2019
Regulating strain in perovskite thin films through charge-transport layers Xue, Ding-Jiang; Hou, Yi; Liu, Shun-Chang Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15338-1	journal	March 2020
High‐efficiency Ga _{1− x} Al _x As–GaAs solar cells Woodall, J. M.; Hovel, H. J. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 21, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1654421	journal	October 1972
Top and bottom surfaces limit carrier lifetime in lead iodide perovskite films Yang, Ye; Yang, Mengjin; Moore, David T. Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.207	journal	January 2017
Reducing Surface Recombination Velocities at the Electrical Contacts Will Improve Perovskite Photovoltaics Wang, Jian; Fu, Weifei; Jariwala, Sarthak ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b02058	journal	December 2018
Bulk lifetime and surface recombination velocity measurement method in semiconductor wafers Ogita, Yoh‐Ichiro Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 79, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.361459	journal	May 1996
Modelling polycrystalline semiconductor solar cells Burgelman, M.; Nollet, P.; Degrave, S. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 361-362 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00825-1	journal	February 2000
Some Thermodynamics of Photochemical Systems Ross, Robert T. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1840606	journal	June 1967
Local Crystal Misorientation Influences Non-radiative Recombination in Halide Perovskites Jariwala, Sarthak; Sun, Hongyu; Adhyaksa, Gede W. P. Joule, Vol. 3, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.001	journal	December 2019
Intrinsic Thermal Instability of Methylammonium Lead Trihalide Perovskite Conings, Bert; Drijkoningen, Jeroen; Gauquelin, Nicolas Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500477	journal	June 2015
Nitrogen Soaking Promotes Lattice Recovery in Polycrystalline Hybrid Perovskites Alberti, Alessandra; Deretzis, Ioannis; Mannino, Giovanni Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803450	journal	January 2019
Enhancing photoluminescence yields in lead halide perovskites by photon recycling and light out-coupling Richter, Johannes M.; Abdi-Jalebi, Mojtaba; Sadhanala, Aditya Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13941	journal	December 2016
Nanoscale Back Contact Perovskite Solar Cell Design for Improved Tandem Efficiency Adhyaksa, Gede W. P.; Johlin, Eric; Garnett, Erik C. Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01092	journal	August 2017
Engineering Stress in Perovskite Solar Cells to Improve Stability Rolston, Nicholas; Bush, Kevin A.; Printz, Adam D. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802139	journal	September 2018
Iodine chemistry determines the defect tolerance of lead-halide perovskites Meggiolaro, Daniele; Motti, Silvia G.; Mosconi, Edoardo Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee00124c	journal	January 2018
Determining Band-Edge Energies and Morphology-Dependent Stability of Formamidinium Lead Perovskite Films Using Spectroelectrochemistry and Photoelectron Spectroscopy Shallcross, R. Clayton; Zheng, Yilong; Saavedra, S. Scott Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b00516	journal	March 2017
Beyond Bulk Lifetimes: Insights into Lead Halide Perovskite Films from Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Staub, Florian; Hempel, Hannes; Hebig, Jan-Christoph Physical Review Applied, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.044017	journal	October 2016
Efficient, stable silicon tandem cells enabled by anion-engineered wide-bandgap perovskites Kim, Daehan; Jung, Hee Joon; Park, Ik Jae Science, Vol. 368, Issue 6487 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3433	journal	March 2020
Revealing the origin of voltage loss in mixed-halide perovskite solar cells Mahesh, Suhas; Ball, James M.; Oliver, Robert D. J. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02162k	journal	January 2020
Efficient luminescent solar cells based on tailored mixed-cation perovskites Bi, Dongqin; Tress, Wolfgang; Dar, M. Ibrahim Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501170	journal	January 2016
Pervasive functional translation of noncanonical human open reading frames Chen, Jin; Brunner, Andreas-David; Cogan, J. Zachery Science, Vol. 367, Issue 6482 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0262	journal	March 2020
Advanced electrical simulation of thin film solar cells Burgelman, Marc; Decock, Koen; Khelifi, Samira Thin Solid Films, Vol. 535 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.10.032	journal	May 2013
Impact of Titanium Dioxide Surface Defects on the Interfacial Composition and Energetics of Evaporated Perovskite Active Layers Shallcross, R. Clayton; Olthof, Selina; Meerholz, Klaus ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b09935	journal	August 2019
Low surface recombination velocity in solution-grown CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite single crystal Yang, Ye; Yan, Yong; Yang, Mengjin Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8961	journal	August 2015

Similar Records

Reducing Surface Recombination Velocity of Methylammonium-Free Mixed-Cation Mixed-Halide Perovskites via Surface Passivation

Journal Article · Wed Jun 16 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Chemistry of Materials · OSTI ID:1806288

Related Subjects

14 SOLAR ENERGY
charge carriers
efficiency
energy gap
films
perovskite
photoelectrons
photoluminescence

Reducing Surface Recombination Velocity of Methylammonium-Free Mixed-Cation Mixed-Halide Perovskites via Surface Passivation

Citation Formats

References (75)

Similar Records

Related Subjects