Landscape-scale characterization of Arctic tundra vegetation composition, structure, and function with a multi-sensor unoccupied aerial system

Yang, Dedi; Morrison, Bailey D.; Hantson, Wouter; Breen, Amy L.; McMahon, Andrew; Li, Qianyu; Salmon, Verity G.; Hayes, Daniel J.; Serbin, Shawn P.

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1291

Landscape-scale characterization of Arctic tundra vegetation composition, structure, and function with a multi-sensor unoccupied aerial system

Journal Article · Fri Jul 23 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Environmental Research Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1291· OSTI ID:1808063

^[1]; ^[2]; Hantson, Wouter ^[3]; Breen, Amy L. ^[4]; McMahon, Andrew ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[5]; ^[3]; ^[1]

Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States)
Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

The Arctic is experiencing some of the most rapid climate change on Earth, with strong impacts on tundra ecosystems that are characterized by high land-surface and vegetation heterogeneity. Previous studies have explored this complexity using satellite remote sensing, however these typically coarse spatial resolution data have generally missed sub-pixel heterogeneity, leaving critical gaps in our understanding of tundra vegetation dynamics from the community to landscape scales. To address these gaps, we collected very high-resolution (1-5 cm) optical, structural, and thermal data at three low-Arctic tundra sites on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, using a multi-sensor unoccupied aerial system (UAS). We examined the application of these data to studying tundra vegetation dynamics, by quantifying (1) canopy height and thermoregulation (leaf-air temperature) of representative plant functional types (PFTs), (2) fine-scale patterns of vegetation composition across landscapes, and (3) impacts of fine-scale vegetation composition on landscape-scale variation of canopy height and thermoregulation. Our results show that deciduous tall shrubs (those that can potentially grow >2 m) had a strong cooling effect, with canopy temperatures significantly lower than local air temperatures and other PFTs. Increased cover of tall shrubs also had the potential to reduce the cover of low-stature PFTs across the landscape, potentially associated with their closed canopy (i.e., increased light competition) and strong thermoregulation. To understand the connections between fine-scale vegetation composition and large-scale ecosystem processes, we produced a random forest model which showed that fine-scale PFT composition accounted for 86.8% and 74.2% of the landscape-scale variation in canopy height and thermoregulation, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of spatially detailed characterization of tundra PFTs to improve our ecological understanding and model representation of tundra vegetation, also transcend our study to show the need for continued collection of similar datasets to better understand the impacts of surface heterogeneity on the mapping and modeling of tundra ecosystem dynamics, as well as assist with conservation management and biodiversity monitoring strategies.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1808063

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1817529

Report Number(s):: BNL--221792-2021-JAAM

Journal Information:: Environmental Research Letters, Journal Name: Environmental Research Letters Journal Issue: 8 Vol. 16; ISSN 1748-9326

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (77)

Arctic terrestrial hydrology: A synthesis of processes, regional effects, and research challenges: Arctic Terrestrial Hydrology Bring, A.; Fedorova, I.; Dibike, Y. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 121, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003131	journal	March 2016
Does climate change and plant phenology research neglect the Arctic tundra? Diepstraten, Rianne A. E.; Jessen, Tyler D.; Fauvelle, Catherine M. D. Ecosphere, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2362	journal	September 2018
Effects of permafrost degradation on woody vegetation at arctic treeline on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska Lloyd, Andrea H.; Yoshikawa, Kenji; Fastie, Christopher L. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.446	journal	January 2003
The Effects of Snow, Soil Microenvironment, and Soil Organic Matter Quality on N Availability in Three Alaskan Arctic Plant Communities DeMarco, Jennie; Mack, Michelle C.; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia Ecosystems, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9447-5	journal	May 2011
Seasonal and Long-Term Changes to Active-Layer Temperatures after Tall Shrubland Expansion and Succession in Arctic Tundra Frost, Gerald V.; Epstein, Howard E.; Walker, Donald A. Ecosystems, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0165-5	journal	June 2017
Diversity and dissimilarity coefficients: A unified approach Rao, C. Radhakrishna Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(82)90004-1	journal	February 1982
Rapid, landscape scale responses in riparian tundra vegetation to exclusion of small and large mammalian herbivores Ravolainen, Virve Tuulia; Bråthen, Kari Anne; Ims, Rolf Anker Basic and Applied Ecology, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2011.09.009	journal	December 2011
Measuring Rao's Q diversity index from remote sensing: An open source solution Rocchini, Duccio; Marcantonio, Matteo; Ricotta, Carlo Ecological Indicators, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.039	journal	January 2017
Hyperspectral retrieval of leaf physiological traits and their links to ecosystem productivity in grassland monocultures Zhao, Yujin; Sun, Yihan; Lu, Xiaoming Ecological Indicators, Vol. 122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107267	journal	March 2021
Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic Tundra Ecosystems Stow, Douglas A.; Hope, Allen; McGuire, David Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 89, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.018	journal	February 2004
Estimating aboveground biomass and leaf area of low-stature Arctic shrubs with terrestrial LiDAR Greaves, Heather E.; Vierling, Lee A.; Eitel, Jan U. H. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.02.023	journal	July 2015
The vegetation greenness trend in Canada and US Alaska from 1984–2012 Landsat data Ju, Junchang; Masek, Jeffrey G. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.001	journal	April 2016
Drivers of shortwave radiation fluxes in Arctic tundra across scales Juszak, Inge; Iturrate-Garcia, Maitane; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.02.017	journal	May 2017
Estimating fractional cover of tundra vegetation at multiple scales using unmanned aerial systems and optical satellite data Riihimäki, Henri; Luoto, Miska; Heiskanen, Janne Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.01.030	journal	April 2019
From local to regional: Functional diversity in differently managed alpine grasslands Rossi, Christian; Kneubühler, Mathias; Schütz, Martin Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 236 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111415	journal	January 2020
Mapping tall shrub biomass in Alaska at landscape scale using structure-from-motion photogrammetry and lidar Alonzo, Michael; Dial, Roman J.; Schulz, Bethany K. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111841	journal	August 2020
Recent trends and remaining challenges for optical remote sensing of Arctic tundra vegetation: A review and outlook Beamish, Alison; Raynolds, Martha K.; Epstein, Howard Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 246 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111872	journal	September 2020
Self‐Amplifying Feedbacks Accelerate Greening and Warming of the Arctic Zhang, W.; Miller, P. A.; Jansson, C. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl077830	journal	July 2018
Spatial Heterogeneity of the Temporal Dynamics of Arctic Tundra Vegetation Reichle, L. M.; Epstein, H. E.; Bhatt, U. S. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl078820	journal	September 2018
Integrating Arctic Plant Functional Types in a Land Surface Model Using Above‐ and Belowground Field Observations Sulman, Benjamin N.; Salmon, Verity G.; Iversen, Colleen M. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002396	journal	April 2021
Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic Sturm, Matthew; Racine, Charles; Tape, Kenneth Nature, Vol. 411, Issue 6837 https://doi.org/10.1038/35079180	journal	May 2001
Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991 Myneni, R. B.; Keeling, C. D.; Tucker, C. J. Nature, Vol. 386, Issue 6626 https://doi.org/10.1038/386698a0	journal	April 1997
Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback Schuur, E. A. G.; McGuire, A. D.; Schädel, C. Nature, Vol. 520, Issue 7546 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14338	journal	April 2015
Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming Elmendorf, Sarah C.; Henry, Gregory H. R.; Hollister, Robert D. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1465	journal	April 2012
Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change Pearson, Richard G.; Phillips, Steven J.; Loranty, Michael M. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1858	journal	March 2013
Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome Myers-Smith, Isla H.; Elmendorf, Sarah C.; Beck, Pieter S. A. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 5, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2697	journal	July 2015
The energetic and carbon economic origins of leaf thermoregulation Michaletz, Sean T.; Weiser, Michael D.; McDowell, Nate G. Nature Plants, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.129	journal	August 2016
Complexity revealed in the greening of the Arctic Myers-Smith, Isla H.; Kerby, Jeffrey T.; Phoenix, Gareth K. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0688-1	journal	January 2020
Patchy field sampling biases understanding of climate change impacts across the Arctic Metcalfe, Daniel B.; Hermans, Thirze D. G.; Ahlstrand, Jenny Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0612-5	journal	July 2018
Hierarchical subdivision of Arctic tundra based on vegetation response to climate, parent material and topography Walker, D. A. Global Change Biology, Vol. 6, Issue S1 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06010.x	journal	December 2000
Impact of Broad- and Fine-Scale Patterns on Regional Landscape Characterization Using AVHRR-Derived Land Cover Data Bourgeron, Patrick S.; Humphries, Hope C.; Barber, James A. Ecosystem Health, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09943.x	journal	December 1999
Satellite observations of high northern latitude vegetation productivity changes between 1982 and 2008: ecological variability and regional differences Beck, Pieter S. A.; Goetz, Scott J. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/6/4/049501	journal	October 2011
Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities Myers-Smith, Isla H.; Forbes, Bruce C.; Wilmking, Martin Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509	journal	October 2011
On the influence of shrub height and expansion on northern high latitude climate Bonfils, C. J. W.; Phillips, T. J.; Lawrence, D. M. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015503	journal	January 2012
Dynamics of aboveground phytomass of the circumpolar Arctic tundra during the past three decades Epstein, Howard E.; Raynolds, Martha K.; Walker, Donald A. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015506	journal	January 2012
Recent expansion of erect shrubs in the Low Arctic: evidence from Eastern Nunavik Tremblay, Benoît; Lévesque, Esther; Boudreau, Stéphane Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035501	journal	July 2012
Scale-dependency of Arctic ecosystem properties revealed by UAV Siewert, Matthias B.; Olofsson, Johan Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba20b	journal	August 2020
Aboveground biomass corresponds strongly with drone-derived canopy height but weakly with greenness (NDVI) in a shrub tundra landscape Cunliffe, Andrew M.; J. Assmann, Jakob; N. Daskalova, Gergana Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba470	journal	December 2020
Drone data reveal heterogeneity in tundra greenness and phenology not captured by satellites Assmann, Jakob J.; Myers-Smith, Isla H.; Kerby, Jeffrey T. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abbf7d	journal	November 2020
Plant functional types in Earth system models: past experiences and future directions for application of dynamic vegetation models in high-latitude ecosystems Wullschleger, Stan D.; Epstein, Howard E.; Box, Elgene O. Annals of Botany, Vol. 114, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu077	journal	May 2014
The Role of Vertebrate Herbivores in Regulating Shrub Expansion in the Arctic: A Synthesis Christie, Katie S.; Bryant, John P.; Gough, Laura BioScience https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv137	journal	October 2015
A portfolio effect of shrub canopy height on species richness in both stressful and competitive environments Bråthen, Kari Anne; Lortie, Christopher Functional Ecology, Vol. 30, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12458	journal	May 2015
Implications of evergreen shrub expansion in the Arctic Vowles, Tage; Björk, Robert G. Journal of Ecology, Vol. 107, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13081	journal	October 2018
Unmanned aircraft system advances health mapping of fragile polar vegetation Malenovský, Zbyněk; Lucieer, Arko; King, Diana H. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12833	journal	July 2017
Observing terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle from space Schimel, David; Pavlick, Ryan; Fisher, Joshua B. Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12822	journal	February 2015
Circumpolar arctic tundra biomass and productivity dynamics in response to projected climate change and herbivory Yu, Qin; Epstein, Howard; Engstrom, Ryan Global Change Biology, Vol. 23, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13632	journal	March 2017
Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities Fisher, Rosie A.; Koven, Charles D.; Anderegg, William R. L. Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13910	journal	October 2017
Herbivores inhibit climate-driven shrub expansion on the tundra: HERBIVORES INHIBIT SHRUB EXPANSION Olofsson, Johan; Oksanen, Lauri; Callaghan, Terry Global Change Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01935.x	journal	November 2009
Shrub expansion may reduce summer permafrost thaw in Siberian tundra Blok, D.; Heijmans, M. M. P. D.; Schaepman-Strub, G. Global Change Biology, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02110.x	journal	April 2010
Experimental warming causes large and rapid species loss, dampened by simulated grazing, on the Tibetan Plateau Klein, Julia A.; Harte, John; Zhao, Xin-Quan Ecology Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00677.x	journal	December 2004
Plant functional types and climatic change: Introduction Woodward, F. Ian; Cramer, Wolfgang Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.1996.tb00489.x	journal	June 1996
Impact of shrub canopies on understorey vegetation in western Eurasian tundra: Impact of shrub canopies on understorey vegetation Pajunen, A. M.; Oksanen, J.; Virtanen, R. Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 22, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01285.x	journal	April 2011
Decrease of lichens in Arctic ecosystems: the role of wildfire, caribou, reindeer, competition and climate in north-western Alaska Joly, Kyle; Jandt, Randi R.; Klein, David R. Polar Research, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00113.x	journal	January 2009
Differences in leaf thermoregulation and water use strategies between three co-occurring Atlantic forest tree species: Leaf energy balance of Atlantic forest trees Fauset, Sophie; Freitas, Helber C.; Galbraith, David R. Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 41, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13208	journal	May 2018
Ecological Dynamics Across the Arctic Associated with Recent Climate Change Post, E.; Forchhammer, M. C.; Bret-Harte, M. S. Science, Vol. 325, Issue 5946 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173113	journal	September 2009
Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Classification [Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Classification] Walker, Donald A.; Daniëls, Fred J. A.; Matveyeva, Nadezhda V. Phytocoenologia, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2017/0192	journal	May 2018
UAV photogrammetry for mapping vegetation in the low-Arctic Fraser, Robert H.; Olthof, Ian; Lantz, Trevor C. Arctic Science, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2016-0008	journal	September 2016
Environmental Limits of Tall Shrubs in Alaska’s Arctic National Parks Swanson, David K. PLOS ONE, Vol. 10, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138387	journal	September 2015
Dwarf shrub facilitates seedling recruitment and plant diversity in semiarid grasslands Gonzalez, Sofía L.; Ghermandi, Luciana PLOS ONE, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212058	journal	February 2019
Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology Anderson, Karen; Gaston, Kevin J. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1890/120150	journal	April 2013
Effects of arctic shrub expansion on biophysical vs. biogeochemical drivers of litter decomposition DeMarco, Jennie; Mack, Michelle C.; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia Ecology, Vol. 95, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2221.1	journal	July 2014
The role of nurse plants in the restoration of degraded environments Padilla, Francisco M.; Pugnaire, Francisco I. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0196:tronpi]2.0.co;2	journal	May 2006
Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective Callaghan, T. V.; Iii, F. S. Chapin; Jefferies, Robert L. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/1551553	journal	May 1993
Plant functional types as predictors of transient responses of arctic vegetation to global change Chapin, F. Stuart; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia; Hobbie, Sarah E. Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2307/3236278	journal	June 1996
Salt and Pepper Noise: Effects and Removal Azzeh, Jamil; Zahran, Bilal; Alqadi, Ziad JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.30630/joiv.2.4.151	journal	July 2018
Alder Distribution and Expansion Across a Tundra Hillslope: Implications for Local N Cycling Salmon, Verity G.; Breen, Amy L.; Kumar, Jitendra Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01099	journal	October 2019
Enhanced Leaf Cooling Is a Pathway to Heat Tolerance in Common Bean Deva, Chetan R.; Urban, Milan O.; Challinor, Andrew J. Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 11 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00019	journal	February 2020
Quantifying Boreal Forest Structure and Composition Using UAV Structure from Motion Alonzo, Michael; Andersen, Hans-Erik; Morton, Douglas Forests, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030119	journal	March 2018
Mapping Wild Leek through the Forest Canopy Using a UAV Leduc, Marie-Bé; Knudby, Anders Remote Sensing, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010070	journal	January 2018
Assessing Biodiversity in Boreal Forests with UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds and Hyperspectral Imaging Saarinen, Ninni; Vastaranta, Mikko; Näsi, Roope Remote Sensing, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020338	journal	February 2018
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Remote Sensing Applications—A Review Yao, Huang; Qin, Rongjun; Chen, Xiaoyu Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121443	journal	June 2019
A Multi-Sensor Unoccupied Aerial System Improves Characterization of Vegetation Composition and Canopy Properties in the Arctic Tundra Yang, Dedi; Meng, Ran; Morrison, Bailey D. Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162638	journal	August 2020
Mechanisms of thermoregulation in plants Watling, Jennifer R.; Grant, Nicole M.; Miller, Rebecca E. Plant Signaling & Behavior, Vol. 3, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.3.8.6341	journal	August 2008
Constraint of soil moisture on CO ₂ efflux from tundra lichen, moss, and tussock in Council, Alaska, using a hierarchical Bayesian model Kim, Y.; Nishina, K.; Chae, N. Biogeosciences, Vol. 11, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5567-2014	journal	January 2014
Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost Grünberg, Inge; Wilcox, Evan J.; Zwieback, Simon Biogeosciences, Vol. 17, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020	journal	January 2020
Effects of bryophyte and lichen cover on permafrost soil temperature at large scale Porada, Philipp; Ekici, Altug; Beer, Christian The Cryosphere, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2291-2016	journal	January 2016
A distributed temperature profiling method for assessing spatial variability in ground temperatures in a discontinuous permafrost region of Alaska Léger, Emmanuel; Dafflon, Baptiste; Robert, Yves The Cryosphere, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2853-2019	journal	January 2019

Similar Records

A Multi-Sensor Unoccupied Aerial System Improves Characterization of Vegetation Composition and Canopy Properties in the Arctic Tundra

Journal Article · Sat Aug 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Remote Sensing · OSTI ID:1647674

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Arctic tundra
canopy structure
plant functional types
thermoregulation
unmanned aerial vehicle
unoccupied aerial system
vegetation composition

Landscape-scale characterization of Arctic tundra vegetation composition, structure, and function with a multi-sensor unoccupied aerial system

Citation Formats

References (77)

Similar Records

Related Subjects