System-on-chip upgrade of millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics for fusion plasma

Zhu, Y.; Yu, J. -H.; Yu, G.; Ye, Y.; Chen, Y.; Tobias, B.; Diallo, A.; Kramer, G.; Ren, Y.; Tang, W.; Dong, G.; Churchill, R.; Domier, C. W.; Li, X.; Luo, C.; Chen, M.; Luhmann, N. C.

doi:10.1063/5.0040449

System-on-chip upgrade of millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics for fusion plasma

Journal Article · Mon May 10 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Review of Scientific Instruments

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0040449· OSTI ID:1804652

^[1]; Yu, J. -H. ^[1]; ^[1]; Ye, Y. ^[1]; ^[1]; Tobias, B. ^[2]; Diallo, A. ^[3]; ^[3]; ^[3]; Tang, W. ^[3]; Dong, G. ^[3]; ^[3]; ^[1]; Li, X. ^[4]; Luo, C. ^[1]; Chen, M. ^[1]; Luhmann, N. C. ^[1]

Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui (China)

Monolithic, millimeter wave “system-on-chip” technology has been employed in chip heterodyne radiometers in a newly developed Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) system on the DIII-D tokamak for 2D electron temperature and fluctuation diagnostics. The system employs 20 horn-waveguide receiver modules each with customized W-band (75–110 GHz) monolithic microwave integrated circuit chips comprising a W-band low noise amplifier, a balanced mixer, a ×2 local oscillator (LO) frequency doubler, and two intermediate frequency amplifier stages in each module. Compared to previous quasi-optical ECEI arrays with Schottky mixer diodes mounted on planar antennas, the upgraded W-band array exhibits >30 dB additional gain and 20× improvement in noise temperature; an internal eight times multiplier chain is used to provide LO coupling, thereby eliminating the need for quasi-optical coupling. The horn-waveguide shielding housing avoids out-of-band noise interference on each module. The upgraded ECEI system plays an important role for absolute electron temperature and fluctuation measurements for edge and core region transport physics studies. An F-band receiver chip (up to 140 GHz) is under development for additional fusion facilities with a higher toroidal magnetic field. Visualization diagnostics provide multi-scale and multi-dimensional data in plasma profile evolution. Finally, a significant aspect of imaging measurement is focusing on artificial intelligence for science applications.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States); Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Contributing Organization:: DIII-D facility

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-99ER54531; FC02-04ER54698; AC02-09CH11466

OSTI ID:: 1804652

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1810631
OSTI ID: 1782371

Journal Information:: Review of Scientific Instruments, Journal Name: Review of Scientific Instruments Journal Issue: 5 Vol. 92; ISSN 0034-6748

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (55)

Fusion Plasma Diagnostics with mm-Waves Hartfub, Hans-Jurgen; Geist, Thomas Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527676279	book	August 2013
Development of the W-band density profile and fluctuation reflectometer on EAST Wang, Y. M.; Gao, X.; Ling, B. L. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 88, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.06.004	journal	November 2013
Overview of the electron cyclotron emission measurements on EAST Liu, Yong; Zhao, Hailin; Zhou, Tianfu Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.12.032	journal	November 2018
Predicting disruptive instabilities in controlled fusion plasmas through deep learning Kates-Harbeck, Julian; Svyatkovskiy, Alexey; Tang, William Nature, Vol. 568, Issue 7753 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1116-4	journal	April 2019
Development of a fast solid-state high-resolution density profile reflectometer system on the DIII-D tokamak Kim, K. W.; Doyle, E. J.; Rhodes, T. L. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 68, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1147607	journal	January 1997
The beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic on the DIII-D tokamak McKee, G.; Ashley, R.; Durst, R. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 70, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1149416	journal	January 1999
Broadband electron cyclotron emission radiometry for the large helical device Kawahata, K.; Nagayama, Y.; Inagaki, S. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 74, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1530385	journal	March 2003
Electron cyclotron emission radiometer upgrade on the DIII-D tokamak Austin, M. E.; Lohr, J. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 74, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1530387	journal	March 2003
An upgraded 32-channel heterodyne electron cyclotron emission radiometer on Tore Supra Ségui, J. L.; Molina, D.; Giruzzi, G. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 76, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2140225	journal	December 2005
Microwave imaging reflectometry in LHD Yamaguchi, S.; Nagayama, Y.; Pavlichenko, R. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 77, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2349749	journal	October 2006
New plasma measurements with a multichannel millimeter-wave fluctuation diagnostic system in the DIII-D tokamak (invited) Hillesheim, J. C.; Peebles, W. A.; Rhodes, T. L. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 81, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3466900	journal	October 2010
Development of 3D microwave imaging reflectometry in LHD (invited) Nagayama, Y.; Kuwahara, D.; Yoshinaga, T. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 83, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4729259	journal	October 2012
A 16-channel heterodyne electron cyclotron emission radiometer on J-TEXT Yang, Z. J.; Phillips, P. E.; Zhuang, G. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 83, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4732069	journal	October 2012
Microwave Doppler reflectometer system in LHD Tokuzawa, T.; Ejiri, A.; Kawahata, K. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 83, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4733736	journal	October 2012
Development of frequency modulated continuous wave reflectometer for electron density profile measurement on the HL-2A tokamak Zhong, W. L.; Shi, Z. B.; Huang, X. L. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4861918	journal	January 2014
Calibration of a 32 channel electron cyclotron emission radiometer on the HL-2A tokamak Shi, Z. B.; Jiang, M.; Huang, X. L. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4866640	journal	February 2014
Noise temperature improvement for magnetic fusion plasma millimeter wave imaging systems Lai, J.; Domier, C. W.; Luhmann, N. C. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4866652	journal	March 2014
Development of horn antenna mixer array with internal local oscillator module for microwave imaging diagnostics Kuwahara, D.; Ito, N.; Nagayama, Y. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4885471	journal	November 2014
Design and characterization of a 32-channel heterodyne radiometer for electron cyclotron emission measurements on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak Han, X.; Liu, X.; Liu, Y. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4891040	journal	July 2014
Design of a Doppler reflectometer for KSTAR Lee, K. D.; Nam, Y. U.; Seo, Seong-Heon Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4894000	journal	November 2014
Millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics systems on the EAST tokamak (invited) Zhu, Y. L.; Xie, J. L.; Yu, C. X. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959162	journal	August 2016
Low-noise heterodyne receiver for electron cyclotron emission imaging and microwave imaging reflectometry Tobias, B.; Domier, C. W.; Luhmann, N. C. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959273	journal	July 2016
Measurement of local, internal magnetic fluctuations via cross-polarization scattering in the DIII-D tokamak (invited) Barada, K.; Rhodes, T. L.; Crocker, N. A. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4960154	journal	August 2016
Electron cyclotron emission radiometer upgrade on the J-TEXT tokamak Yang, Z. J.; Pan, X. M.; Ma, X. D. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4960167	journal	August 2016
A frequency tunable, eight-channel correlation ECE system for electron temperature turbulence measurements on the DIII-D tokamak Sung, C.; Peebles, W. A.; Wannberg, C. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4961296	journal	August 2016
Synthetic diagnostics platform for fusion plasmas (invited) Shi, L.; Valeo, E. J.; Tobias, B. J. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4961553	journal	August 2016
Nonlinear asymmetric tearing mode evolution in cylindrical geometry Teng, Q.; Ferraro, N.; Gates, D. A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 23, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4966243	journal	October 2016
A novel multi-channel quadrature Doppler backward scattering reflectometer on the HL-2A tokamak Shi, Zhongbing; Zhong, Wulu; Jiang, Min Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4966680	journal	November 2016
Multi-field/-scale interactions of turbulence with neoclassical tearing mode magnetic islands in the DIII-D tokamak Bardóczi, L.; Rhodes, T. L.; Bañón Navarro, A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4977533	journal	May 2017
Development of 2-D horn-antenna millimeter-wave imaging device (HMID) for the plasma diagnostics Nagayama, Y.; Ito, N.; Kuwahara, D. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 88, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4980150	journal	April 2017
Increased electron temperature turbulence during suppression of edge localized mode by resonant magnetic perturbations in the DIII-D tokamak Sung, C.; Wang, G.; Rhodes, T. L. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4999785	journal	November 2017
A robust solution for the resistive MHD toroidal Δ′ matrix in near real-time Glasser, Alexander S.; Kolemen, Egemen Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5029477	journal	August 2018
Liquid crystal polymer receiver modules for electron cyclotron emission imaging on the DIII-D tokamak Zhu, Y.; Ye, Y.; Yu, J-H. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5035373	journal	October 2018
Synthetic diagnostic for electron cyclotron emission imaging Chen, M.; Zhu, Y.; Luo, C. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5035426	journal	October 2018
Millimeter-wave system-on-chip advancement for fusion plasma diagnostics Yu, J. -H.; Chang, Y. -T.; Lin, K. -Y. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5035559	journal	October 2018
Five-channel tunable W-band Doppler backscattering system in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak Feng, X.; Liu, A. D.; Zhou, C. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 90, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5075615	journal	February 2019
An eight-channel correlation electron cyclotron emission diagnostic for turbulent electron temperature fluctuation measurement in HL-2A tokamak Fang, K. R.; Shi, Z. B.; Yang, Z. C. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 90, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5091453	journal	June 2019
Deep convolutional neural networks for multi-scale time-series classification and application to tokamak disruption prediction using raw, high temporal resolution diagnostic data Churchill, R. M.; Tobias, B.; Zhu, Y. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 27, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5144458	journal	June 2020
W-band system-on-chip electron cyclotron emission imaging system on DIII-D Zhu, Y.; Yu, J. -H.; Yu, G. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 91, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0018082	journal	September 2020
Design of microwave broadband CMOS transmitter and receiver circuits for MIR and ECEI plasma diagnostics Chen, Ying; Zhu, Yilun; Yu, Jo-Han Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 92, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0040568	journal	April 2021
Internal magnetic fluctuations and electron heat transport in the Tore Supra tokamak: Observation by cross-polarization scattering Colas, L.; Zou, X. L.; Paume, M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 38, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/38/6/308	journal	June 1998
RMP ELM suppression in DIII-D plasmas with ITER similar shapes and collisionalities Evans, T. E.; Fenstermacher, M. E.; Moyer, R. A. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/48/2/024002	journal	January 2008
Doppler reflectometry for the investigation of propagating density perturbations Hirsch, M.; Holzhauer, E.; Baldzuhn, J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 43, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/43/12/302	journal	October 2001
Review: Turbulence dynamics during the pedestal evolution between edge localized modes in magnetic fusion devices Diallo, A.; Laggner, F. M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 63, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abbf85	journal	November 2020
Millimeter-wave imaging of magnetic fusion plasmas: technology innovations advancing physics understanding Wang, Y.; Tobias, B.; Chang, Y. -T. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa5e30	journal	March 2017
Characterization of low-frequency inter-ELM modes of H-mode discharges at ASDEX Upgrade Vanovac, B.; Wolfrum, E.; Hoelzl, M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aada20	journal	October 2018
Development of local oscillator integrated antenna array for microwave imaging diagnostics Kuwahara, D.; Ito, N.; Nagayama, Y. Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/12/c12031	journal	December 2015
Observation of electron temperature turbulence with a correlation electron cyclotron emission radiometer on LHD Kogi, Y.; Higashi, T.; Tamura, N. Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 11, Issue 01 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/01/c01072	journal	January 2016
Design of Q-band FMCW reflectometry for electron density profile measurement on the Joint TEXT tokamak Wan (万凌寒), Linghan; Yang (杨州军), Zhoujun; Zhou (周若冰), Ruobing Plasma Science and Technology, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/19/2/025602	journal	January 2017
Modulation of Core Turbulent Density Fluctuations by Large-Scale Neoclassical Tearing Mode Islands in the DIII-D Tokamak Bardóczi, L.; Rhodes, T. L.; Carter, T. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.116.215001	journal	May 2016
Internal Magnetic Turbulence Measurement in Plasma by Cross Polarization Scattering Zou, X. L.; Colas, L.; Paume, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 75, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.75.1090	journal	August 1995
New Trends in Microwave Imaging Diagnostics and Application to Burning Plasma Zhu, Yilun; Yu, Jo-Han; Chen, Ming IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 47, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/tps.2019.2911476	journal	May 2019
A Review of ECE Correlation Radiometry Techniques for Detection of Core Electron Temperature Fluctuations Watts, Christopher Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 52, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.13182/fst07-a1497	journal	August 2007
Chapter 3: Microwave Diagnostics Luhmann, N. C.; Bindslev, H.; Park, H. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 53, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.13182/fst08-a1675	journal	February 2008
Recent Progress on Microwave Imaging Technology and New Physics Results Tobias, Benjamin; Luhmann, Neville C. Plasma and Fusion Research, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.6.2106042	journal	January 2011

Similar Records

W-band system-on-chip electron cyclotron emission imaging system on DIII-D

Journal Article · Wed Sep 09 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Review of Scientific Instruments · OSTI ID:1658823

Liquid crystal polymer receiver modules for electron cyclotron emission imaging on the DIII-D tokamak

Journal Article · Wed Oct 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Review of Scientific Instruments · OSTI ID:1487098

Related Subjects

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION

System-on-chip upgrade of millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics for fusion plasma

Citation Formats

References (55)

Similar Records

Related Subjects