Turbulent nonpremixed cool flames: Experimental measurements, Direct Numerical Simulation, and manifold-based combustion modeling

Novoselov, Alex G.; Reuter, Christopher B.; Yehia, Omar R.; Won, Sang Hee; Fu, Matthew K.; Kokmanian, Katherine; Hultmark, Marcus; Ju, Yiguang; Mueller, Michael E.

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.034

Turbulent nonpremixed cool flames: Experimental measurements, Direct Numerical Simulation, and manifold-based combustion modeling

Journal Article · Fri Aug 02 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Combustion and Flame

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.07.034· OSTI ID:1799755

^[1]; Reuter, Christopher B. ^[2]; Yehia, Omar R. ^[2]; Won, Sang Hee ^[3]; ^[2]; Kokmanian, Katherine ^[2]; Hultmark, Marcus ^[2]; Ju, Yiguang ^[2]; Mueller, Michael E. ^[2]

Princeton Univ., NJ (United States); OSTI
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)

Turbulence, low-temperature chemistry, and their interactions in the form of turbulent cool flames are critical to understanding and improving advanced engines. Design of such engines requires tractable simulations which in turn necessitate turbulent combustion models that can account for cool flames. While manifold-based turbulent combustion models are an attractive option for hot flames, their applicability to cool flames is not yet fully understood. This is partially due to the lack of turbulent cool flame experiments, which has made model validation difficult. This work addresses these points with a combined experimental and computational investigation of turbulent nonpremixed dimethyl ether cool flames. First, a Co-flow Axisymmetric Reactor-Assisted Turbulent (CARAT) burner is developed and tested. Turbulent cool flames are studied using the formaldehyde planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF), acetone PLIF, and planar Rayleigh scattering techniques. The acetone PLIF signals are converted into mixture fraction values, and measurements of time-averaged temperature are derived from the Rayleigh scattering signals by taking advantage of the similarities between cool flames and unburned mixtures. Second, a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the CARAT burner is conducted. The flame is shown to be sensitive to thermal boundary conditions such that the stabilization method is dependent on a 10 K change in inlet temperature. Comparisons of first- and second-order statistics of temperature, mixture fraction, and formaldehyde between the DNS and experiment show good agreement. The validity of manifold-based turbulent combustion models in turbulent cool flames is then explored by first studying the effective Lewis numbers in the flame using a local differential diffusion parameter analysis. Turbulent cool flames are shown to have effective unity Lewis number transport even at a much lower Reynolds number than typically required for hot flames. Good agreement is shown for temperature and formaldehyde between DNS conditional means and one-dimensional nonpremixed flame solutions. Additionally, the motion of the cool flame in mixture fraction space is shown to be well described by one-dimensional nonpremixed flame solutions. These points indicate that the fundamental physics of turbulent cool flames are analogous to turbulent hot flames, implying that the same reduced-order manifold-based modeling approaches utilized for turbulent hot flames can be utilized for turbulent cool flames.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE)

Grant/Contract Number:: FE0011822

OSTI ID:: 1799755

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1775659

Journal Information:: Combustion and Flame, Journal Name: Combustion and Flame Vol. 209; ISSN 0010-2180

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (57)

Thermal decomposition reaction and a comprehensive kinetic model of dimethyl ether Zhao, Zhenwei; Chaos, Marcos; Kazakov, Andrei International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/kin.20285	journal	January 2008
Efficient Implementation of Weighted ENO Schemes Jiang, Guang-Shan; Shu, Chi-Wang Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1996.0130	journal	June 1996
Acetone: a tracer for concentration measurements in gaseous flows by planar laser-induced fluorescence Lozano, A.; Yip, B.; Hanson, R. K. Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223244	journal	October 1992
Application of spontaneous Raman and Rayleigh scattering and 2D LIF for the characterization of a turbulent CH 4 /H 2 /N 2 jet diffusion flame Bergmann, V.; Meier, W.; Wolff, D. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, Vol. 66, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003400050424	journal	April 1998
The controlling role of cool flames in two-stage ignition Fish, A.; Read, I. A.; Affleck, W. S. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(69)90026-1	journal	February 1969
Application of a fractional-step method to incompressible Navier-Stokes equations Kim, J.; Moin, P. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 59, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(85)90148-2	journal	June 1985
A Consistent Flamelet Formulation for Non-Premixed Combustion Considering Differential Diffusion Effects Pitsch, H.; Peters, N. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 114, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(97)00278-2	journal	July 1998
Detection of hot spots in the end gas of an internal combustion engine using two-dimensional lif of formaldehyde Bäuerle, B.; Hoffmann, F.; Behrendt, F. Symposium (International) on Combustion, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80637-5	journal	January 1994
Temperature field measurements in a premixed turbulent cool flame Gökalp, I.; Dumas, G. M. L.; Ben-Aïm, R. I. Symposium (International) on Combustion, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(81)80101-4	journal	January 1981
Measurement of the resolved flame structure of turbulent premixed flames with constant reynolds number and varied stoichiometry Soika, Armin; Dinkelacker, Friedrich; Leipertz, Alfred Symposium (International) on Combustion, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(98)80473-6	journal	January 1998
The structure of turbulent nonpremixed flames revealed by Raman-Rayleigh-LIF measurements Masri, A. R.; Dibble, R. W.; Barlow, R. S. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(96)00009-3	journal	January 1996
Fluorescence lifetimes of formaldehyde (H2CO) in the band system at elevated temperatures and pressures Metz, Thomas; Bai, Xiao; Ossler, Frederik Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Vol. 60, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(03)00335-4	journal	April 2004
Simultaneous laser raman-rayleigh-lif measurements and numerical modeling results of a lifted turbulent H2/N2 jet flame in a vitiated coflow Cabra, R.; Myhrvold, T.; Chen, J. Y. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80228-0	journal	January 2002
Piloted methane/air jet flames: Transport effects and aspects of scalar structure Barlow, R.; Frank, J.; Karpetis, A. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 143, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.08.017	journal	December 2005
A tabulated chemistry approach for numerical modeling of diesel spray evaporation in a “stabilized cool flame” environment Kolaitis, D. I.; Founti, M. A. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 145, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.10.008	journal	April 2006
On the off-stoichiometric peaking of adiabatic flame temperature Law, C.; Makino, A.; Lu, T. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 145, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.01.009	journal	June 2006
Transition from cool flame to thermal flame in compression ignition process Yamada, H.; Suzaki, K.; Tezaki, A. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 154, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.03.018	journal	July 2008
Raman/Rayleigh scattering and CO-LIF measurements in laminar and turbulent jet flames of dimethyl ether Fuest, Frederik; Barlow, Robert S.; Chen, Jyh-Yuan Combustion and Flame, Vol. 159, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.11.001	journal	August 2012
A petascale direct numerical simulation study of the modelling of flame wrinkling for large-eddy simulations in intense turbulence Hawkes, Evatt R.; Chatakonda, Obulesu; Kolla, Hemanth Combustion and Flame, Vol. 159, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.11.020	journal	August 2012
On the structure of the near field of oxy-fuel jet flames using Raman/Rayleigh laser diagnostics Sevault, Alexis; Dunn, Matthew; Barlow, Robert S. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 159, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.06.017	journal	November 2012
Can cool flames support quasi-steady alkane droplet burning? Nayagam, Vedha; Dietrich, Daniel L.; Ferkul, Paul V. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 159, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.07.012	journal	December 2012
The role of low temperature fuel chemistry on turbulent flame propagation Won, Sang Hee; Windom, Bret; Jiang, Bo Combustion and Flame, Vol. 161, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.08.027	journal	February 2014
Isolated n-heptane droplet combustion in microgravity: “Cool Flames” – Two-stage combustion Farouk, Tanvir I.; Dryer, Frederick L. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 161, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.09.011	journal	February 2014
An ignition delay and kinetic modeling study of methane, dimethyl ether, and their mixtures at high pressures Burke, Ultan; Somers, Kieran P.; O’Toole, Peter Combustion and Flame, Vol. 162, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.08.014	journal	February 2015
Experimental and kinetic modeling study of the low- and intermediate-temperature oxidation of dimethyl ether Wang, Zhandong; Zhang, Xiaoyuan; Xing, Lili Combustion and Flame, Vol. 162, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.10.003	journal	April 2015
Numerical simulations of premixed cool flames of dimethyl ether/oxygen mixtures Ju, Yiguang; Reuter, Christopher B.; Won, Sang Hee Combustion and Flame, Vol. 162, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.06.014	journal	October 2015
Simulations of laminar non-premixed flames of methane with hot combustion products as oxidiser Sidey, Jenni A. M.; Mastorakos, Epaminondas Combustion and Flame, Vol. 163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.07.034	journal	January 2016
Experimental study of the dynamics and structure of self-sustaining premixed cool flames using a counterflow burner Reuter, Christopher B.; Won, Sang Hee; Ju, Yiguang Combustion and Flame, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.01.008	journal	April 2016
Study of ignition chemistry on turbulent premixed flames of n-heptane/air by using a reactor assisted turbulent slot burner Windom, Bret; Won, Sang Hee; Reuter, Christopher B. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.031	journal	July 2016
The role of low temperature chemistry in combustion mode development under elevated pressures Pan, Jiaying; Wei, Haiqiao; Shu, Gequn Combustion and Flame, Vol. 174 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.012	journal	December 2016
Ignition and extinction of strained nonpremixed cool flames at elevated pressures Deng, Sili; Han, Dong; Law, Chung K. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.10.015	journal	February 2017
Experimental and numerical characterization of freely propagating ozone-activated dimethyl ether cool flames Hajilou, Mohammadhadi; Ombrello, Timothy; Won, Sang Hee Combustion and Flame, Vol. 176 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.11.005	journal	February 2017
Effects of combustion heat release on velocity and scalar statistics in turbulent premixed jet flames at low and high Karlovitz numbers MacArt, Jonathan F.; Grenga, Temistocle; Mueller, Michael E. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 191 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.01.022	journal	May 2018
Direct numerical simulation of a temporally evolving air/n-dodecane jet at low-temperature diesel-relevant conditions Borghesi, Giulio; Krisman, Alexander; Lu, Tianfeng Combustion and Flame, Vol. 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.02.020	journal	September 2018
Low-temperature multistage warm diffusion flames Yehia, Omar R.; Reuter, Christopher B.; Ju, Yiguang Combustion and Flame, Vol. 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.03.013	journal	September 2018
Low-temperature chemistry in n-heptane/air premixed turbulent flames Savard, Bruno; Wang, Haiou; Teodorczyk, Andrzej Combustion and Flame, Vol. 196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.05.029	journal	October 2018
Counterflow flame experiments and chemical kinetic modeling of dimethyl ether/methane mixtures Reuter, Christopher B.; Zhang, Rui; Yehia, Omar R. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 196 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.06.004	journal	October 2018
Initiation and propagation of laminar premixed cool flames Zhao, Peng; Liang, Wenkai; Deng, Sili Fuel, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.025	journal	February 2016
Ignition delay times of single kerosene droplets based on formaldehyde LIF detection Burkert, A.; Paa, W. Fuel, Vol. 167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.051	journal	March 2016
High order conservative finite difference scheme for variable density low Mach number turbulent flows Desjardins, Olivier; Blanquart, Guillaume; Balarac, Guillaume Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 227, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2008.03.027	journal	July 2008
Semi-implicit iterative methods for low Mach number turbulent reacting flows: Operator splitting versus approximate factorization MacArt, Jonathan F.; Mueller, Michael E. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 326 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2016.09.016	journal	December 2016
LES flamelet modeling of a three-stream MILD combustor: Analysis of flame sensitivity to scalar inflow conditions Ihme, Matthias; See, Yee Chee Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.019	journal	January 2011
Simultaneous formaldehyde PLIF and high-speed schlieren imaging for ignition visualization in high-pressure spray flames Skeen, Scott A.; Manin, Julien; Pickett, Lyle M. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.040	journal	January 2015
A two mixture fraction flamelet model for large eddy simulation of turbulent flames with inhomogeneous inlets Perry, Bruce A.; Mueller, Michael E.; Masri, Assaad R. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.029	journal	January 2017
Understanding the ignition mechanism of high-pressure spray flames Dahms, Rainer N.; Paczko, Günter A.; Skeen, Scott A. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.023	journal	January 2017
A direct numerical simulation of cool-flame affected autoignition in diesel engine-relevant conditions Krisman, Alex; Hawkes, Evatt R.; Talei, Mohsen Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.043	journal	January 2017
Direct Numerical Simulation of turbulent nonpremixed “cool” flames: Applicability of flamelet models Novoselov, Alex G.; Law, Chung K.; Mueller, Michael E. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 37, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.191	journal	January 2019
Transient interactions between a premixed double flame and a vortex Reuter, Christopher B.; Katta, Viswanath R.; Yehia, Omar R. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 37, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.050	journal	January 2019
A parametric study of ignition dynamics at ECN Spray A thermochemical conditions using 2D DNS Krisman, Alex; Hawkes, Evatt R.; Chen, Jacqueline H. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 37, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.08.026	journal	January 2019
Turbulence measurements using a nanoscale thermal anemometry probe Bailey, Sean C. C.; Kunkel, Gary J.; Hultmark, Marcus Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 663 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112010003447	journal	September 2010
Lagrangian statistics from direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence Yeung, P. K.; Pope, S. B. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 207 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112089002697	journal	October 1989
Linear forcing in numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence: Physical space implementations and convergence properties Rosales, Carlos; Meneveau, Charles Physics of Fluids, Vol. 17, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2047568	journal	September 2005
Two-Dimensional Rayleigh Thermometry in a Turbulent Nonpremixed Methane-Hydrogen Flame Fourguette, D. C.; Zurni, R. M.; Long, M. B. Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 44, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208608960310	journal	January 1986
The role of cool-flame chemistry in quasi-steady combustion and extinction of n- heptane droplets Paczko, Guenter; Peters, Norbert; Seshadri, Kalyanasundaram Combustion Theory and Modelling, Vol. 18, Issue 4-5 https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2014.934296	journal	June 2014
Assessment of the constant non-unity Lewis number assumption in chemically-reacting flows Burali, Nicholas; Lapointe, Simon; Bobbitt, Brock Combustion Theory and Modelling, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2016.1164344	journal	May 2016
Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Nanoscale Thermal Anemometry Probe Vallikivi, Margit; Smits, Alexander J. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 23, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2014.2299276	journal	August 2014
Measurements and modeling of acetone laser-induced fluorescence with implications for temperature-imaging diagnostics Thurber, Mark C.; Grisch, Frédéric; Kirby, Brian J. Applied Optics, Vol. 37, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.37.004963	journal	January 1998

Similar Records

Spark ignition of turbulent nonpremixed bluff-body flames

Journal Article · Mon Oct 15 00:00:00 EDT 2007 · Combustion and Flame · OSTI ID:20961976

Temperature imaging in nonpremixed flames by joint filtered Rayleigh and Raman scattering.

Journal Article · Sun Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2004 · Proposed for publication in Applied Optics. · OSTI ID:964549

Mixture fraction imaging in turbulent nonpremixed hydrocarbon flames

Book · Fri Dec 30 23:00:00 EST 1994 · OSTI ID:93266

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)
cool flame
reduced-order manifold modeling
turbulent nonpremixed flame

Turbulent nonpremixed cool flames: Experimental measurements, Direct Numerical Simulation, and manifold-based combustion modeling

Citation Formats

References (57)

Similar Records

Related Subjects