Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Linehan, R.; Mannino, R.L.; Fan, A.; Ignarra, C.M.; Luitz, S.; Skarpaas, K.; Shutt, T.A.; Akerib, D.S.; Alsum, S.K.; Anderson, T.J.; Araújo, H.M.; Arthurs, M.; Auyeung, H.; Bailey, A.J.; Biesiadzinski, T.P.; Breidenbach, M.; Cherwinka, J.J.; Conley, R.A.; Genovesi, J.; Gilchriese, M.G.D.; Glaenzer, A.; Gonda, T.G.; Hanzel, K.; Hoff, M.D.; Ji, W.; Kaboth, A.C.; Kravitz, S.; Kurita, N.R.; Lambert, A.R.; Lesko, K.T.; Lorenzon, W.; Majewski, P.A.; Miller, E.H.; Monzani, M.E.; Palladino, K.J.; Ratcliff, B.N.; Saba, J.S.; Santone, D.; Shutt, G.W.; Stifter, K.; Szydagis, M.; Tomás, A.; Va’vra, J.; Waldron, W.L.; Webb, R.C.; White, R.G.; Whitis, T.J.; Wilson, K.; Wisniewski, W.J.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.165955

Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Journal Article · Tue Nov 16 00:00:00 EST 2021 · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165955· OSTI ID:3004574

; Mannino, R.L.; Fan, A.; Ignarra, C.M.; ; Skarpaas, K.; Shutt, T.A.; Akerib, D.S.; Alsum, S.K.; ; ; ; Auyeung, H.; Bailey, A.J.; Biesiadzinski, T.P.; Breidenbach, M.; Cherwinka, J.J.; Conley, R.A.; Genovesi, J.; Gilchriese, M.G.D. more »

The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool for direct-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark matter models, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPC is critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulk liquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design and construction of the electrodes used to establish these fields is therefore required. We present the design and production of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment's high-voltage electrodes, a set of four woven mesh wire grids. Grid design drivers are discussed, with emphasis placed on design of the electron extraction region. Here, we follow this with a description of the grid production process and a discussion of steps taken to validate the LZ grids prior to integration into the TPC.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); The State University of New York, Albany, NY (United States); Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); U.K. Science & Technology Facilities Council; USDOE Office of Science (SC); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC02-76SF00515; SC0015535; SC0019193; SC0020216

Other Award/Contract Number:: ST/M003655/1
ST/S000739/1
ST/K502042/1

OSTI ID:: 3004574

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1855185
OSTI ID: 1798801
OSTI ID: 1972281
OSTI ID: 1872110

Journal Information:: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Journal Name: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment Vol. 1031; ISSN 0168-9002

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (26)

Electron field emission from broad-area electrodes Noer, R. J. Applied Physics A Solids and Surfaces, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00617778	journal	May 1982
The ZEPLIN-III dark matter detector: Instrument design, manufacture and commissioning Akimov, D.; Alner, G.; Araujo, H. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2006.09.005	journal	February 2007
The XENON100 dark matter experiment Aprile, E.; Arisaka, K.; Arneodo, F. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.01.003	journal	April 2012
Study and mitigation of spurious electron emission from cathodic wires in noble liquid time projection chambers Tomás, A.; Araújo, H. M.; Bailey, A. J. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2018.07.001	journal	December 2018
Simulations of events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Alqahtani, A. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2020.102480	journal	February 2021
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Akimov, D. Yu. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 953 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163047	journal	February 2020
Noble-gas liquid detectors: measurement of light diffusion and reflectivity on commonly adopted inner surface materials Bricola, S.; Menegolli, A.; Prata, M. Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements, Vol. 172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2007.08.059	journal	October 2007
Removal of long-lived [sup 222]Rn daughters by electropolishing thin layers of stainless steel Schnee, R. W.; Bowles, M. A.; Bunker, R. LOW RADIOACTIVITY TECHNIQUES 2013 (LRT 2013): Proceedings of the IV International Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4818092	conference	January 2013
The Reflecting Power of Metals in the Ultra-Violet Region of the Spectrum Hulburt, E. O. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 42 https://doi.org/10.1086/142202	journal	September 1915
Ab initio electron scattering cross-sections and transport in liquid xenon Boyle, G. J.; McEachran, R. P.; Cocks, D. G. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/49/35/355201	journal	August 2016
Prebreakdown and breakdown characteristics of stainless steel electrodes in vacuum Williams, D. W.; Williams, W. T. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/7/8/315	journal	May 1974
Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics Chepel, V.; Araújo, H. Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 8, Issue 04 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/04/R04001	journal	April 2013
High voltage in noble liquids for high energy physics Rebel, B.; Hall, C.; Bernard, E. Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 9, Issue 08 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/08/T08004	journal	August 2014
Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the 0 ν β β decay of Xe 136 Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Alqahtani, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 102, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.014602	journal	July 2020
Measurement of the drift velocity and transverse diffusion of electrons in liquid xenon with the EXO-200 detector Albert, J. B.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beck, D. Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.025502	journal	February 2017
Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Alsum, S. K. Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.052002	journal	March 2020
Investigation of background electron emission in the LUX detector Akerib, D. S.; Alsum, S.; Araújo, H. M. Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.092004	journal	November 2020
Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers Akerib, D. S.; Alsum, S.; Araújo, H. M. Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.112002	journal	December 2020
Solar neutrinos as a signal and background in direct-detection experiments searching for sub-GeV dark matter with electron recoils Essig, Rouven; Sholapurkar, Mukul; Yu, Tien-Tien Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.97.095029	journal	May 2018
Electron extraction efficiency study for dual-phase xenon dark matter experiments Xu, J.; Pereverzev, S.; Lenardo, B. Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.103024	journal	May 2019
Electron field emission through a very thin oxide layer Yang, G.; Chin, K. K.; Marcus, R. B. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 38, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1109/16.88528	journal	January 1991
Energy resolution and linearity of XENON1T in the MeV energy range Aprile, E.; Aalbers, J.; Agostini, F. The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 80, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8284-0	journal	August 2020
The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Akimov, D. Yu. The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 80, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8420-x	journal	November 2020
Influence of binding layer on the reflective performance of a Au film in vacuum ultraviolet wavelength region Shuyi, Gan; Yilin, Hong; Xiangdong, Xu Applied Optics, Vol. 46, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.46.008641	journal	January 2007
Protected and enhanced aluminum mirrors for the VUV Wilbrandt, S.; Stenzel, O.; Nakamura, H. Applied Optics, Vol. 53, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.53.00A125	journal	December 2013
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Technical Design Report Mount, B. J. https://doi.org/10.2172/1365579	report	March 2017

Similar Records

Related Subjects

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Electrode
HV
Noble liquid
TPC
Xenon
electrode
noble liquid
xenon

Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Citation Formats

References (26)

Similar Records

Related Subjects