Wood-reinforced composites by stereolithography with the stress whitening behavior

Zhang, Shuyang; Bhagia, Samarthya; Li, Mi; Meng, Xianzhi; Ragauskas, Arthur J.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109773

Wood-reinforced composites by stereolithography with the stress whitening behavior

Journal Article · Wed Apr 28 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Materials & Design

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109773· OSTI ID:1797630

Zhang, Shuyang ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[3]; Meng, Xianzhi ^[3]; ^[3]

Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)

In this study, poplar wood flour at various concentrations (1–10 wt%) is incorporated into a methacrylate-based resin via solution blending to fabricate wood-reinforced composites using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) 3D printing. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) along with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis shows the presence of a small amount of residual monomer in the printed samples. For the printed composites, the glass transition temperature (T_g) from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) decreases as more wood flour is incorporated, which indicates an increase in free volume occupied by polymer chains. The tensile strength is improved up to 17.3% from 21.1 MPa (no wood flour) to 24.7 MPa (1.0 wt% wood flour). The highest Young’s modulus reaches 323.8 MPa (2.0 wt% wood flour), which is 1.9-fold of that of the sample without wood flour. Moreover, the composites show “stress whitening” with the addition of wood flour during the uniaxial drawing. Morphology analysis of the tested samples show that the formation of microcraze and microvoids likely causing the stress whitening. This is the first study that demonstrates wood flour can be utilized in SLA 3D printed wood plastic composites (WPC) which can reinforce the printed products with a modest loading amount.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1797630

Journal Information:: Materials & Design, Journal Name: Materials & Design Journal Issue: n/a Vol. 206; ISSN 0264-1275

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (39)

Highly Elastic, Transparent, and Conductive 3D‐Printed Ionic Composite Hydrogels Odent, Jérémy; Wallin, Thomas J.; Pan, Wenyang Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201701807	journal	July 2017
Additive Manufacturing of 3D Structures Composed of Wood Materials Kam, Doron; Layani, Michael; BarkaiMinerbi, Sheer Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 4, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900158	journal	June 2019
3D Printing of Polymer Nanocomposites via Stereolithography Manapat, Jill Z.; Chen, Qiyi; Ye, Piaoran Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Vol. 302, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201600553	journal	May 2017
Fundamental studies on wood–plastic composites: Effects of fiber concentration and mixing temperature on the mechanical properties of poplar/PP composite Nourbakhsh, Amir; Ashori, Alireza Polymer Composites, Vol. 29, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.20578	journal	January 2008
Acid–base complexes of polymers Fowkes, F. M.; Tischler, D. O.; Wolfe, J. A. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.170220304	journal	March 1984
Dynamic postpolymerization of 3D-printed photopolymer nanocomposites: Effect of cellulose nanocrystal and postcure temperature Yang, Zhaozhe; Wu, Guomin; Wang, Siqun Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 56, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24610	journal	April 2018
Use of wood powder and adhesive as a mixture for 3D printing Kariz, Mirko; Sernek, Milan; Kuzman, Manja Kitek European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, Vol. 74, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0987-9	journal	November 2015
Liquid Deposition Modeling: a promising approach for 3D printing of wood Rosenthal, Michael; Henneberger, Clara; Gutkes, Anna European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, Vol. 76, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1274-8	journal	December 2017
A state-of-the-art review on types, design, optimization, and additive manufacturing of cellular structures Nazir, Aamer; Abate, Kalayu Mekonen; Kumar, Ajeet The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 104, Issue 9-12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04085-3	journal	July 2019
Micromechanical deformation processes in toughened and particle-filled semicrystalline polymers: Part 1. Characterization of deformation processes in dependence on phase morphology Kim, G. -M; Michler, G. H. Polymer, Vol. 39, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00089-5	journal	November 1998
Lignin-coated cellulose nanocrystal filled methacrylate composites prepared via 3D stereolithography printing: Mechanical reinforcement and thermal stabilization Feng, Xinhao; Yang, Zhaozhe; Chmely, Stephen Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.001	journal	August 2017
Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and their derivatives as multi-components of bio-based feedstocks for 3D printing Yang, Jian; An, Xingye; Liu, Liqin Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 250 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116881	journal	December 2020
3D printing of wood fibre biocomposites: From mechanical to actuation functionality Le Duigou, A.; Castro, M.; Bevan, R. Materials & Design, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.02.018	journal	April 2016
Buckling behavior of additively manufactured cellular columns: Experimental and simulation validation Nazir, Aamer; Jeng, Jeng-Ywan Materials & Design, Vol. 186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108349	journal	January 2020
FTIR as an easy and fast analytical approach to follow up microbial growth during fungal pretreatment of poplar wood with Phanerochaete chrysosporium Cornet, I.; Wittner, N.; Tofani, G. Journal of Microbiological Methods, Vol. 145 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.01.004	journal	February 2018
On stress whitening during surface deformation in clay-containing polymer nanocomposites: A microstructural approach Hadal, R.; Yuan, Q.; Jog, J. P. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 418, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.11.032	journal	February 2006
Effect of wood content in FDM filament on properties of 3D printed parts Kariz, Mirko; Sernek, Milan; Obućina, Murčo Materials Today Communications, Vol. 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2017.12.016	journal	March 2018
Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing Ligon, Samuel Clark; Liska, Robert; Stampfl, Jürgen Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074	journal	July 2017
Polymer Free Volume and Its Connection to the Glass Transition White, Ronald P.; Lipson, Jane E. G. Macromolecules, Vol. 49, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00215	journal	May 2016
Poplar as Biofiber Reinforcement in Composites for Large-Scale 3D Printing Zhao, Xianhui; Tekinalp, Halil; Meng, Xianzhi ACS Applied Bio Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.9b00675	journal	August 2019
High-Strength Stereolithographic 3D Printed Nanocomposites: Graphene Oxide Metastability Manapat, Jill Z.; Mangadlao, Joey Dacula; Tiu, Brylee David Buada ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b16174	journal	March 2017
3D Printing of Covalent Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite via Stereolithography Palaganas, Jerome O.; Palaganas, Napolabel B.; Ramos, Liam Jose I. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b12071	journal	November 2019
Photopolymer Resins with Biobased Methacrylates Based on Soybean Oil for Stereolithography Guit, Jarno; Tavares, Marjory B. L.; Hul, Jerzy ACS Applied Polymer Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.9b01143	journal	December 2019
Stereolithography 3D Printing of Lignin-Reinforced Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties Zhang, Shuyang; Li, Mi; Hao, Naijia ACS Omega, Vol. 4, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02455	journal	November 2019
Physicochemical Structural Changes of Poplar and Switchgrass during Biomass Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Meng, Xianzhi; Sun, Qining; Kosa, Matyas ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00603	journal	July 2016
Preserving Aryl Ether Linkages and Higher Yields of Isolated Lignin through Biomass Fibrillation Bhagia, Samarthya; Ragauskas, Arthur J. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06390	journal	December 2019
Specific Intermolecular Interaction of Carbon Dioxide with Polymers Kazarian, Sergei G.; Vincent, Michael F.; Bright, Frank V. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 118, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja950416q	journal	January 1996
Anti-Hydrogen Bond in the Benzene Dimer and Other Carbon Proton Donor Complexes Hobza, Pavel; Špirko, Vladimír; Selzle, Heinrich L. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 102, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp973374w	journal	March 1998
Hydrogen Bond versus Anti-Hydrogen Bond: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Electron Density Topology Cubero, E.; Orozco, M.; Hobza, P. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 103, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp990258f	journal	July 1999
Intermolecular-Interaction-Dominated Solvation Behaviors of Liquid Monomers and Polymers in Gaseous and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Chen, Jian-Gang; Liu, Xuan; Liu, Zhong-Wen Macromolecules, Vol. 45, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma300556z	journal	May 2012
Morphology evolution and the tri-continuous morphology formation of a PVDF/PS/HDPE ternary blend in melt mixing Shao, Yan; Dou, Rui; Li, Shuang-lin RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA07877J	journal	January 2016
3D printing of biomass-derived composites: application and characterization approaches Ji, Anqi; Zhang, Shuyang; Bhagia, Samarthya RSC Advances, Vol. 10, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA03620J	journal	January 2020
High frequency characterisation of wood-fill PLA for antenna additive manufacturing application Mirzaee, M.; Noghanian, S. Electronics Letters, Vol. 52, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2016.2505	journal	September 2016
Free‐Volume Model of the Amorphous Phase: Glass Transition Turnbull, David; Cohen, Morrel H. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1731549	journal	January 1961
Effect of wood flour content on surface properties of 3D printed materials produced from wood flour/PLA filament Ayrilmis, Nadir; Kariž, Mirko; Kitek Kuzman, Manja International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, Vol. 24, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2019.1651547	journal	August 2019
Composites of Wood and Biodegradable Thermoplastics: A Review Chan, Clement Matthew; Vandi, Luigi-Jules; Pratt, Steven Polymer Reviews, Vol. 58, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2017.1380039	journal	November 2017
Mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of PLA and PLA/wood composites prepared by 3D printing and injection moulding Ecker, Josef Valentin; Haider, Andreas; Burzic, Ivana Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-06-2018-0149	journal	May 2019
A high-speed additive manufacturing approach for achieving high printing speed and accuracy Nazir, Aamer; Jeng, Jeng-Ywan Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406219861664	journal	July 2019
A Bio-Hygromorph Fabricated with Fish Swim Bladder Hydrogel and Wood Flour-Filled Polylactic Acid Scaffold by 3D Printing Li, Peng; Pan, Ling; Liu, Dexi Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182896	journal	September 2019

Similar Records

Stereolithography 3D Printing of Lignin-Reinforced Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties

Journal Article · Tue Nov 19 19:00:00 EST 2019 · ACS Omega · OSTI ID:1606675

Development of polypropylene/wood flour ecocomposites. Evaluation of silane as coupling agent

Journal Article · Wed Jun 02 00:00:00 EDT 2010 · AIP Conference Proceedings · OSTI ID:21377997

3D-printing methacrylate/chitin nanowhiskers composites via stereolithography: Mechanical and thermal properties

Journal Article · Tue Dec 31 19:00:00 EST 2019 · Materials Today: Proceedings · OSTI ID:1811386

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
3D printing
Stereolithography
Stress whitening
Wood plastic composites

Wood-reinforced composites by stereolithography with the stress whitening behavior

Citation Formats

References (39)

Similar Records

Related Subjects