Superhard Materials: Advances in the Search and Synthesis of New Materials

Pangilinan, Lisa E.; Hu, Shanlin; Akopov, Georgiy; Cabrera, Sabina C.; Yeung, Michael T.; Mohammadi, Reza; Tolbert, Sarah H.; Kaner, Richard B.

doi:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2076.pub2

Superhard Materials: Advances in the Search and Synthesis of New Materials

Book · Fri Mar 26 04:00:00 EDT 2021

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2076.pub2· OSTI ID:1781337

Pangilinan, Lisa E. ^[1]; Hu, Shanlin ^[1]; Akopov, Georgiy ^[2]; Cabrera, Sabina C. ^[1]; Yeung, Michael T. ^[3]; Mohammadi, Reza ^[4]; Tolbert, Sarah H. ^[1]; Kaner, Richard B. ^[1]

Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Ames Lab., and Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)
State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY (United States)
Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA (United States)

Materials with superior hardness can be categorized as ultrahard (Vickers hardness, H_v ≥ 80 GPa) and superhard (H_v ≥ 40 GPa). These materials are commonly used as cutting tools and abrasives in the machining and manufacturing industries. With its extreme hardness, diamond is the best known and most used ultrahard material for industrial applications. However, it is ineffective at cutting and drilling ferrous alloys due to diamond's high reactivity with iron and poor thermal stability in air. Additionally, the synthesis of diamond requires both high pressure (HP) and high temperature, making it an expensive process. These limitations have driven the search for alternative superhard materials that are capable of cutting steels and other materials at lower costs. This article reviews the concept of hardness and summarizes advancements in the synthesis and mechanical properties of hard materials. It begins with a review of methods to measure hardness, adding HP diffraction methods to more conventional hardness measurements. It then considers new ultrahard materials that exist within the B–C–N ternary system, with hardness approaching diamond but improved chemical stability. Finally, it surveys superhard nitrides, oxides, and borides as potential alternative materials, focusing on transition metal boride systems where the synthesis can be readily achieved at ambient pressure and scaled for industrial applications. We hope that this article serves as an overview of hard materials and guide for the comparison of data reported in the literature.

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Research Organization:: Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

DOE Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11358

OSTI ID:: 1781337

Report Number(s):: IS-J--10,466

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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