Critical pitting temperature of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel: A mechanistic approach

Nakhaie, Davood; Imani, A.; Autret, M.; Schaller, R. F.; Asselin, E.

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109302

Critical pitting temperature of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel: A mechanistic approach

Journal Article · Sun Feb 07 23:00:00 EST 2021 · Corrosion Science

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109302· OSTI ID:1769918

^[1]; ^[1]; Autret, M. ^[2]; Schaller, R. F. ^[3]; ^[1]

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)
Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada); Univ. of Nantes (France)
Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada); Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

In this work, the critical pitting temperature (CPT) of selective laser melted (SLM) 316 L stainless steel in 1.0 M NaCl was measured and compared with a commercial wrought alloy. Potentiostatic measurements determined a mean CPT value of 16 ± 0.7 °C, 27.5 ± 0.8 °C and 31 ± 1 °C for the wrought alloy, the SLM alloy normal to the build direction and parallel to the build direction, respectively. The lead-in pencil electrode technique was used to study the pit chemistry of the two alloys and to explain the higher CPT values observed for the SLM alloy. A lower critical current density required for passivation in a simulated pit solution was measured for the SLM alloy. Moreover, the ratio of the critical concentration to saturated concentration of dissolving metal cations was found to be higher for the SLM alloy, which was related to its different salt film properties, possibly as a result of the SLM’s distinct microstructure.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

OSTI ID:: 1769918

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1828406

Report Number(s):: SAND--2021-2106J; 694000

Journal Information:: Corrosion Science, Journal Name: Corrosion Science Vol. 185; ISSN 0010-938X

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (75)

Mass transfer and electrochemical kinetic interactions in localized pitting corrosion Gaudet, G. T.; Mo, W. T.; Hatton, T. A. AIChE Journal, Vol. 32, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320605	journal	June 1986
Using pit solution chemistry for evaluation of metastable pitting stability of austenitic stainless steel Moayed, M. H.; Newman, R. C. Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 56, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200403827	journal	March 2005
Corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel manufactured by selective laser melting Andreatta, Francesco; Lanzutti, Alex; Vaglio, Emanuele Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 70, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201910792	journal	March 2019
A Study on the Laser Spatter and the Oxidation Reactions During Selective Laser Melting of 316L Stainless Steel, Al-Si10-Mg, and Ti-6Al-4V Simonelli, Marco; Tuck, Chris; Aboulkhair, Nesma T. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 46, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2882-8	journal	April 2015
The solution composition and electrode potential in pits, crevices and cracks Turnbull, A. Corrosion Science, Vol. 23, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(83)90014-8	journal	January 1983
The effect of alloyed nitrogen or dissolved nitrate ions on the anodic behaviour of austenitic stainless steel in hydrochloric acid Newman, R. C.; Shahrabi, T. Corrosion Science, Vol. 27, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(87)90040-0	journal	January 1987
Stochastic studies of passivity breakdown Shibata, Toshio Corrosion Science, Vol. 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(90)90140-Z	journal	January 1990
Salt films formed during mass transport controlled dissolution of iron-chromium alloys in concentrated chloride media Grimm, R. -D.; Landolt, D. Corrosion Science, Vol. 36, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(94)90023-X	journal	November 1994
An alternative method to determine critical pitting temperature of stainless steels in ferric chloride solution Salinas-Bravo, V. M.; Newman, R. C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(94)90109-0	journal	January 1994
A study of the solid salt film on nickel and stainless steel Hunkeler, F.; Krolikowski, A.; Böhni, H. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 32, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(87)87050-0	journal	April 1987
Pit growth studies in stainless steel foils. I. Introduction and pit growth kinetics Ernst, P.; Newman, R. C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 44, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00133-0	journal	May 2002
Pit growth studies in stainless steel foils. II. Effect of temperature, chloride concentration and sulphate addition Ernst, P.; Newman, R. C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 44, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00134-2	journal	May 2002
Dependence of the Critical Pitting Temperature on surface roughness Moayed, M. H.; Laycock, N. J.; Newman, R. C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 45, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00215-9	journal	June 2003
Anodic behaviour of stainless steel S43000 in concentrated solutions of sulphuric acid Kish, J. R.; Ives, M. B.; Rodda, J. R. Corrosion Science, Vol. 45, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00232-9	journal	July 2003
The mechanism of lacy cover formation in pitting Ernst, P.; Laycock, N. J.; Moayed, M. H. Corrosion Science, Vol. 39, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00043-7	journal	June 1997
Temperature dependence of pitting potentials for austenitic stainless steels above their critical pitting temperature Laycock, N. J.; Newman, R. C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 40, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00020-1	journal	June 1998
Electrochemical investigation of the influence of nitrogen alloying on pitting corrosion of austenitic stainless steels Jargelius-Pettersson, R. f. a. Corrosion Science, Vol. 41, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00013-X	journal	August 1999
Metal Fabrication by Additive Manufacturing Using Laser and Electron Beam Melting Technologies Murr, Lawrence E.; Gaytan, Sara M.; Ramirez, Diana A. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(12)60016-4	journal	January 2012
Additive manufacturing of metals Herzog, Dirk; Seyda, Vanessa; Wycisk, Eric Acta Materialia, Vol. 117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019	journal	September 2016
The enhancement of microstructure on the passive and pitting behaviors of selective laser melting 316L SS in simulated body fluid Man, Cheng; Dong, Chaofang; Liu, Tingting Applied Surface Science, Vol. 467-468 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.150	journal	February 2019
Evolution of current transients and morphology of metastable and stable pitting on stainless steel near the critical pitting temperature Moayed, M. H.; Newman, R. C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 48, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2005.03.002	journal	April 2006
Deterioration in critical pitting temperature of 904L stainless steel by addition of sulfate ions Moayed, M. H.; Newman, R. C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 48, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2006.02.010	journal	November 2006
Explanation of the effect of high chloride concentration on the critical pitting temperature of stainless steel Ernst, P.; Newman, R. C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 49, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2007.03.026	journal	September 2007
A new criterion to determine the critical pitting temperature (CPT) based on electrochemical noise measurement Zhang, Tao; Wang, Danyang; Shao, Yawei Corrosion Science, Vol. 58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.01.026	journal	May 2012
A comparative study of critical pitting temperature (CPT) of stainless steels by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic and potentiostatic techniques Ebrahimi, N.; Momeni, M.; Kosari, A. Corrosion Science, Vol. 59 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.02.026	journal	June 2012
Statistical study of the critical pitting temperature of 22-05 duplex stainless steel Peguet, L.; Gaugain, A.; Dussart, C. Corrosion Science, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.03.025	journal	July 2012
Evaluation of the effect of grain size on chromium carbide precipitation and intergranular corrosion of 316L stainless steel Li, Shu-Xin; He, Yan-Ni; Yu, Shu-Rong Corrosion Science, Vol. 66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.09.022	journal	January 2013
Pitting corrosion of cold rolled solution treated 17-4 PH stainless steel Nakhaie, Davood; Moayed, Mohammad Hadi Corrosion Science, Vol. 80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.11.039	journal	March 2014
Investigation on the effect of nitrate ion on the critical pitting temperature of 2205 duplex stainless steel along a mechanistic approach using pencil electrode Zakeri, M.; Moayed, M. H. Corrosion Science, Vol. 85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.04.021	journal	August 2014
Effect of pitting nucleation on critical pitting temperature of 316L stainless steel by nitric acid passivation Liu, Jing; Zhang, Tao; Meng, Guozhe Corrosion Science, Vol. 91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.018	journal	February 2015
The effect of dichromate ion on the pitting corrosion of AISI 316 stainless steel. Part I: Critical pitting temperature Zakeri, M.; Nakhaie, D.; Naghizadeh, M. Corrosion Science, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.01.026	journal	April 2015
Investigation of the effect of solution annealing temperature on critical pitting temperature of 2205 duplex stainless steel by measuring pit solution chemistry Naghizadeh, M.; Moayed, M. H. Corrosion Science, Vol. 94 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.01.051	journal	May 2015
The effect of dichromate ion on the pitting corrosion of AISI 316 stainless steel Part II: Pit initiation and transition to stability Naghizadeh, M.; Nakhaie, D.; Zakeri, M. Corrosion Science, Vol. 94 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.02.025	journal	May 2015
Improved corrosion behaviour of electron beam melted Ti-6Al–4V alloy in phosphate buffered saline Bai, Yun; Gai, Xin; Li, Shujun Corrosion Science, Vol. 123 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.05.003	journal	July 2017
Electrochemical behaviour of passive film formed on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloys fabricated by electron beam melting Gai, Xin; Bai, Yun; Li, Ji Corrosion Science, Vol. 145 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.09.010	journal	December 2018
The dissolution kinetics and salt film precipitation of Zn and Fe in chloride solutions: Importance of the common-ion effect and diffusivity Nakhaie, Davood; Asselin, Edouard Corrosion Science, Vol. 146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.10.024	journal	January 2019
Unexpected erosion-corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting Laleh, Majid; Hughes, Anthony E.; Xu, Wei Corrosion Science, Vol. 155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.04.028	journal	July 2019
Improvement of corrosion resistance of SS316L manufactured by selective laser melting through subcritical annealing Zhou, Chengshuang; Hu, Shiyin; Shi, Qiaoying Corrosion Science, Vol. 164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108353	journal	March 2020
Unanticipated drastic decline in pitting corrosion resistance of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel after high-temperature post-processing Laleh, Majid; Hughes, Anthony E.; Xu, Wei Corrosion Science, Vol. 165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108412	journal	April 2020
Pitting behavior of SLM 316L stainless steel exposed to chloride environments with different aggressiveness: Pitting mechanism induced by gas pores Duan, Zhiwei; Man, Cheng; Dong, Chaofang Corrosion Science, Vol. 167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108520	journal	May 2020
Characterisation of salt films on dissolving metal surfaces in artificial corrosion pits via in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction Rayment, Trevor; Davenport, Alison J.; Dent, Andrew J. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.03.018	journal	June 2008
A characterization of the inhibiting effect of Cu on metastable pitting in dilute Al–Cu solid solution alloys Kim, Youngseok; Buchheit, Rudolph G. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 52, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.054	journal	February 2007
Investigation of effects of process parameters on microstructure and hardness of SLM manufactured SS316L Tucho, Wakshum M.; Lysne, Vidar H.; Austbø, Håkon Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 740 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.098	journal	April 2018
Effect of molten pool boundaries on the mechanical properties of selective laser melting parts Shifeng, Wen; Shuai, Li; Qingsong, Wei Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 214, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.06.002	journal	November 2014
Effect of selective laser melting (SLM) process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel Liverani, E.; Toschi, S.; Ceschini, L. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.042	journal	November 2017
A critical review of powder-based additive manufacturing of ferrous alloys: Process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties Fayazfar, Haniyeh; Salarian, Mehrnaz; Rogalsky, Allan Materials & Design, Vol. 144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.018	journal	April 2018
Hardened austenite steel with columnar sub-grain structure formed by laser melting Saeidi, K.; Gao, X.; Zhong, Y. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 625 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.018	journal	February 2015
Influence of post heat treatments on anisotropy of mechanical behaviour and microstructure of Hastelloy-X parts produced by selective laser melting Tomus, Dacian; Tian, Yang; Rometsch, Paul A. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 667 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.086	journal	June 2016
Role of melt pool boundary condition in determining the mechanical properties of selective laser melting AlSi10Mg alloy Xiong, Z. H.; Liu, S. L.; Li, S. F. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 740-741 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.10.083	journal	January 2019
On the enhanced corrosion resistance of a selective laser melted austenitic stainless steel Chao, Qi; Cruz, Victor; Thomas, Sebastian Scripta Materialia, Vol. 141 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.07.037	journal	December 2017
Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility Wang, Y. Morris; Voisin, Thomas; McKeown, Joseph T. Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat5021	journal	October 2017
NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis Schneider, Caroline A.; Rasband, Wayne S.; Eliceiri, Kevin W. Nature Methods, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089	journal	June 2012
Behavior of Dissolved Molybdenum during Localized Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steel Isaacs, H. S.; Huang, S. ‐M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 143, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837294	journal	December 1996
Metastable Pitting and the Critical Pitting Temperature Laycock, N. J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 145, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1838691	journal	January 1998
In Situ X-Ray Microprobe Study of Salt Layers during Anodic Dissolution of Stainless Steel in Chloride Solution Isaacs, H. S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 142, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2044138	journal	January 1995
Stochastic Models of Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steels: I . Modeling of the Initiation and Growth of Pits at Constant Potential Williams, D. E.; Westcott, C.; Fleischmann, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2114220	journal	August 1985
Transport Processes and the Mechanism of Pitting of Metals Galvele, Jose R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 123, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2132857	journal	January 1976
Diffusional Effects in Simulated Localized Corrosion Tester, J. W. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 122, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2134039	journal	January 1975
The Relationship Between Pit Chemistry and Pit Geometry Near the Critical Pitting Temperature Moayed, M. H.; Newman, R. C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2210670	journal	January 2006
Effect of Thiosulfate on Pitting Corrosion of 316SS: II. Metastable Pitting and Transition to Stability Nakhaie, D.; Zakeri, M.; Naghizadeh, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0041504jes	journal	January 2015
Pit Transition Potential and Repassivation Potential of Stainless Steel in Thiosulfate Solution Zakeri, M.; Naghizadeh, M.; Nakhaie, D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0381606jes	journal	January 2016
The Effect of Nitrate on Salt Layers in Pitting Corrosion of 304L Stainless Steel Street, Steven R.; Xu, Weichen; Amri, Mahrez Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0421509jes	journal	January 2015
The Role of Microstructure and Surface Finish on the Corrosion of Selective Laser Melted 304L Schaller, Rebecca F.; Mishra, Ajit; Rodelas, Jeffrey M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0431805jes	journal	January 2018
Prediction of Maximum Pit Sizes in Elevated Chloride Concentrations and Temperatures Katona, R. M.; Carpenter, J.; Schindelholz, E. J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0451911jes	journal	January 2019
Modeling of the Critical Pitting Temperature between the Laboratory-Scale Specimen and the Large-Scale Specimen Liu, Jing; Zhang, Tao; Li, Huabing Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0521807jes	journal	January 2018
Localized Corrosion: Passive Film Breakdown vs Pit Growth Stability: Part II. A Model for Critical Pitting Temperature Li, Tianshu; Scully, J. R.; Frankel, G. S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0591809jes	journal	January 2018
Dissolution Kinetics of Pure Zinc: The Effect of Bulk Solution Concentration and Temperature Studied by the Lead-In Pencil Electrode Technique Nakhaie, Davood; Asselin, Edouard Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0661713jes	journal	January 2017
Effect of Thiosulfate on Pitting Corrosion of 316SS: I. Critical Pitting Temperature and Pit Chemistry Naghizadeh, M.; Nakhaie, D.; Zakeri, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0861501jes	journal	November 2014
Perspective—Localized Corrosion: Passive Film Breakdown vs Pit Growth Stability Frankel, G. S.; Li, Tianshu; Scully, J. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1381704jes	journal	January 2017
3D Printing in the Oil Field Kicks Into Production Mode Jacobs, Trent Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 68, Issue 08 https://doi.org/10.2118/0816-0030-JPT	journal	August 2016
Anodic Polarization Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel Alloys with Lower Chromium Content Chen, W. Y. C.; Stephens, J. R. CORROSION, Vol. 35, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5006/0010-9312-35.10.443	journal	October 1979
Application of the Pitting Resistance Equivalent Concept to Some Highly Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels Jargelius-Pettersson, R. F. A. CORROSION, Vol. 54, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3284840	journal	February 1998
Metastable Pitting of Stainless Steel Frankel, G. S.; Stockert, L.; Hunkeler, F. CORROSION, Vol. 43, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3583880	journal	July 1987
Corrosion Properties of Powder Bed Fusion Additively Manufactured 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Schaller, Rebecca F.; Taylor, Jason M.; Rodelas, Jeffrey CORROSION, Vol. 73, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5006/2365	journal	February 2017
Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Alloys: A Review Sander, G.; Tan, J.; Balan, P. CORROSION, Vol. 74, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5006/2926	journal	October 2018

Similar Records

Applications of electrochemical methods for investigations of localized corrosion of nitrogen-molybdenium stainless steels

Journal Article · Sat Mar 31 23:00:00 EST 2001 · Corrosion (Houston) · OSTI ID:900484

Electrochemical analysis of pitting corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel

Conference · Thu Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 1981 · Proc. - Electrochem. Soc.; (United States) · OSTI ID:7120132

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
Additive manufacturing
Critical pitting temperature
Lead-in pencil electrode
Microstructure
Stainless steel

Critical pitting temperature of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel: A mechanistic approach

Citation Formats

References (75)

Similar Records

Related Subjects