Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants

Martinez, David R.; Tu, Joshua J.; Kumar, Amit; Mangold, Jesse F.; Mangan, Riley J.; Goswami, Ria; Giorgi, Elena Edi; Chen, Juilin; Mengual, Michael; Douglas, Ayooluwa O.; Heimsath, Holly; Saunders, Kevin O.; Nicely, Nathan I.; Eudailey, Joshua; Hernandez, Giovanna; Morgan-Asiedu, Papa Kwadwo; Wiehe, Kevin; Haynes, Barton F.; Moody, M. Anthony; LaBranche, Celia; Montefiori, David C.; Gao, Feng; Permar, Sallie R.

doi:10.1128/mbio.00176-20

Title: Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants

Journal Article · Tue Mar 10 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · mBio (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00176-20· OSTI ID:1767003

Martinez, David R. ^[1]; Tu, Joshua J. ^[1]; Kumar, Amit ^[1]; Mangold, Jesse F. ^[1]; Mangan, Riley J. ^[1];

^[1];

^[2]; Chen, Juilin ^[1]; Mengual, Michael ^[1]; Douglas, Ayooluwa O. ^[1]; Heimsath, Holly ^[1]; Saunders, Kevin O. ^[1]; Nicely, Nathan I. ^[1]; Eudailey, Joshua ^[1]; Hernandez, Giovanna ^[1]; Morgan-Asiedu, Papa Kwadwo ^[1]; Wiehe, Kevin ^[1]; Haynes, Barton F. ^[1]; Moody, M. Anthony ^[1];

^[1] more »

Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States). Medical Center
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Each year, >180,000 infants become infected via mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV despite the availability of effective maternal antiretroviral treatments, underlining the need for a maternal HIV vaccine. We characterized 224 maternal HIV envelope (Env)-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from seven nontransmitting and transmitting HIV-infected U.S. and Malawian mothers and examined their neutralization activities against nontransmitted autologous circulating viruses and infant-transmitted founder (infant-T/F) viruses. Only a small subset of maternal viruses, 3 of 72 (4%), were weakly neutralized by maternal linear V3 epitope-specific IgG MAbs, whereas 6 out of 6 (100%) infant-T/F viruses were neutralization resistant to these V3-specific IgG MAbs. We also show that maternal-plasma broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses targeting the V3 glycan supersite in a transmitting woman may have selected for an N332 V3 glycan neutralization-resistant infant-T/F virus. These data have important implications for bNAb-eliciting vaccines and passively administered bNAbs in the setting of MTCT.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001; F31AI127303; U01 AI068632; UM1AI100645; HD075699; R01 AI106380; P01 AI117915; R01 AI122909; HD052102

OSTI ID:: 1767003

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-21-20585

Journal Information:: mBio (Online), Vol. 11, Issue 2; ISSN 2150-7511

Publisher:: American Society for Microbiology (ASM)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (66)

Maternal IgG1 and IgA antibody to V3 loop consensus sequence and maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission Markham, R. B.; Gomez, J.; Halsey, N. A. The Lancet, Vol. 343, Issue 8894 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91225-4	journal	February 1994
HIV envelope V3 region mimic embodies key features of a broadly neutralizing antibody lineage epitope Fera, Daniela; Lee, Matthew S.; Wiehe, Kevin Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03565-6	journal	March 2018
Duration of Infant Protection Against Influenza Illness Conferred by Maternal Immunization: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial Nunes, Marta C.; Cutland, Clare L.; Jones, Stephanie JAMA Pediatrics, Vol. 170, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0921	journal	September 2016
Last cases of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Spain, 1997–2016: The success of a vaccination program Seppälä, Elina Marjukka; López-Perea, Noemí; Torres de Mier, María de Viarce Vaccine, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.017	journal	January 2019
Escape from Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies in Acute/Early Subtype C HIV-1 Infection Requires Multiple Pathways Rong, Rong; Li, Bing; Lynch, Rebecca M. PLoS Pathogens, Vol. 5, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000594	journal	September 2009
Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies deCamp, A.; Hraber, P.; Bailer, R. T. Journal of Virology, Vol. 88, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02853-13	journal	December 2013
HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design Bricault, Christine A.; Yusim, Karina; Seaman, Michael S. Cell Host & Microbe, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.001	journal	January 2019
Evolution of an HIV glycan–dependent broadly neutralizing antibody epitope through immune escape Moore, Penny L.; Gray, Elin S.; Wibmer, C. Kurt Nature Medicine, Vol. 18, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2985	journal	October 2012
Restricted isotype, distinct variable gene usage, and high rate of gp120 specificity of HIV-1 envelope-specific B cells in colostrum compared with those in blood of HIV-1-infected, lactating African women Sacha, C. R.; Vandergrift, N.; Jeffries, T. L. Mucosal Immunology, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2014.69	journal	August 2014
Staged induction of HIV-1 glycan–dependent broadly neutralizing antibodies Bonsignori, Mattia; Kreider, Edward F.; Fera, Daniela Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 9, Issue 381 https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7514	journal	March 2017
Fc Characteristics Mediate Selective Placental Transfer of IgG in HIV-Infected Women Martinez, David R.; Fong, Youyi; Li, Shuk Hang Cell, Vol. 178, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.046	journal	June 2019
Broad diversity of neutralizing antibodies isolated from memory B cells in HIV-infected individuals Scheid, Johannes F.; Mouquet, Hugo; Feldhahn, Niklas Nature, Vol. 458, Issue 7238 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07930	journal	March 2009
Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study Amirthalingam, Gayatri; Andrews, Nick; Campbell, Helen The Lancet, Vol. 384, Issue 9953 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60686-3	journal	October 2014
Early Low-Titer Neutralizing Antibodies Impede HIV-1 Replication and Select for Virus Escape Bar, Katharine J.; Tsao, Chun-yen; Iyer, Shilpa S. PLoS Pathogens, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002721	journal	May 2012
A Blueprint for HIV Vaccine Discovery Burton, Dennis R.; Ahmed, Rafi; Barouch, Dan H. Cell Host & Microbe, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.09.008	journal	October 2012
Safety and antiviral activity of combination HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies in viremic individuals Bar-On, Yotam; Gruell, Henning; Schoofs, Till Nature Medicine, Vol. 24, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0186-4	journal	September 2018
Vaccine-induced Human Antibodies Specific for the Third Variable Region of HIV-1 gp120 Impose Immune Pressure on Infecting Viruses Zolla-Pazner, Susan; Edlefsen, Paul T.; Rolland, Morgane EBioMedicine, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.10.022	journal	November 2014
Vaccine Elicitation of High Mannose-Dependent Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3-Glycan Broadly Neutralizing Epitope in Nonhuman Primates Saunders, Kevin O.; Nicely, Nathan I.; Wiehe, Kevin Cell Reports, Vol. 18, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.003	journal	February 2017
Tiered Categorization of a Diverse Panel of HIV-1 Env Pseudoviruses for Assessment of Neutralizing Antibodies Seaman, M. S.; Janes, H.; Hawkins, N. Journal of Virology, Vol. 84, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02108-09	journal	November 2009
High-throughput isolation of immunoglobulin genes from single human B cells and expression as monoclonal antibodies Liao, Hua-Xin; Levesque, Marc C.; Nagel, Ashleigh Journal of Virological Methods, Vol. 158, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.014	journal	June 2009
Co-evolution of a broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody and founder virus Liao, Hua-Xin; Lynch, Rebecca; Zhou, Tongqing Nature, Vol. 496, Issue 7446 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12053	journal	April 2013
Cross-neutralizing activity of human anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies derived from non-B clade HIV-1 infected individuals Andrabi, Raiees; Williams, Constance; Wang, Xiao-Hong Virology, Vol. 439, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.010	journal	May 2013
Genotypic and functional properties of early infant HIV-1 envelopes Kishko, Michael; Somasundaran, Mohan; Brewster, Frank Retrovirology, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-8-67	journal	January 2011
SeaView Version 4: A Multiplatform Graphical User Interface for Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Tree Building Gouy, M.; Guindon, S.; Gascuel, O. Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msp259	journal	October 2009
Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection Keele, B. F.; Giorgi, E. E.; Salazar-Gonzalez, J. F. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 105, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802203105	journal	May 2008
Postnatally-transmitted HIV-1 Envelope variants have similar neutralization-sensitivity and function to that of nontransmitted breast milk variants Fouda, Genevieve G.; Mahlokozera, Tatenda; Salazar-Gonzalez, Jesus F. Retrovirology, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-10-3	journal	January 2013
Computational analysis of anti-HIV-1 antibody neutralization panel data to identify potential functional epitope residues West, A. P.; Scharf, L.; Horwitz, J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1309215110	journal	June 2013
Apparent Enhancement of Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by High Maternal Anti‐gp160 Antibody Titer Pancino, Gianfranco; Leste‐Lasserre, Thierry; Burgard, Marianne The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 177, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/517435	journal	June 1998
A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals Walker, Laura M.; Simek, Melissa D.; Priddy, Frances PLoS Pathogens, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001028	journal	August 2010
Maternal and Infant Factors Predicting Disease Progression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Infants Rich, Kenneth C.; Fowler, Mary G.; Mofenson, Lynne M. Pediatrics, Vol. 105, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.1.e8	journal	January 2000
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Congo, central Africa Lallemant, Marc; Coeur, Sophie Le; Samba, Léa AIDS, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199410000-00012	journal	January 1994
Neutralization Escape Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Are Transmitted from Mother to Infant Wu, X.; Parast, A. B.; Richardson, B. A. Journal of Virology, Vol. 80, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.2.835-844.2006	journal	December 2005
Cooperation of B Cell Lineages in Induction of HIV-1-Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Gao, Feng; Bonsignori, Mattia; Liao, Hua-Xin Cell, Vol. 158, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.022	journal	July 2014
SoDA: implementation of a 3D alignment algorithm for inference of antigen receptor recombinations Volpe, J. M.; Cowell, L. G.; Kepler, T. B. Bioinformatics, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btk004	journal	December 2005
Difficult-to-neutralize global HIV-1 isolates are neutralized by antibodies targeting open envelope conformations Han, Qifeng; Jones, Julia A.; Nicely, Nathan I. Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10899-2	journal	July 2019
Antibody 10-1074 suppresses viremia in HIV-1-infected individuals Caskey, Marina; Schoofs, Till; Gruell, Henning Nature Medicine, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4268	journal	January 2017
Influenza Vaccine Given to Pregnant Women Reduces Hospitalization Due to Influenza in Their Infants Benowitz, Isaac; Esposito, Daina B.; Gracey, Kristina D. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 51, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1086/657309	journal	December 2010
Effectiveness of Maternal Influenza Immunization in Mothers and Infants Zaman, K.; Roy, Eliza; Arifeen, Shams E. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 359, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708630	journal	October 2008
Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Correlation with Neutralizing Antibodies against Primary Isolates Scarlatti, Gabriella; Albert, Jan; Rossi, Paolo The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 168, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/168.1.207	journal	July 1993
Sequential Immunization Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies in Ig Knockin Mice Escolano, Amelia; Steichen, Jon M.; Dosenovic, Pia Cell, Vol. 166, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.030	journal	September 2016
Selective transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants from mothers to infants Wolinsky, S.; Wike, C.; Korber, B. Science, Vol. 255, Issue 5048 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1546316	journal	February 1992
Estimating time since infection in early homogeneous HIV-1 samples using a poisson model Giorgi, Elena E.; Funkhouser, Bob; Athreya, Gayathri BMC Bioinformatics, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-532	journal	October 2010
Strain-Specific V3 and CD4 Binding Site Autologous HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Select Neutralization-Resistant Viruses Moody, M. Anthony; Gao, Feng; Gurley, Thaddeus C. Cell Host & Microbe, Vol. 18, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.08.006	journal	September 2015
Infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses from peripartum transmission are neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma Kumar, Amit; Smith, Claire E. P.; Giorgi, Elena E. PLOS Pathogens, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006944	journal	April 2018
Combination therapy with anti-HIV-1 antibodies maintains viral suppression Mendoza, Pilar; Gruell, Henning; Nogueira, Lilian Nature, Vol. 561, Issue 7724 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0531-2	journal	September 2018
The repertoire of maternal anti-viral antibodies in human newborns Pou, Christian; Nkulikiyimfura, Dieudonné; Henckel, Ewa Nature Medicine, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0392-8	journal	March 2019
Human placental Fc receptors Saji, F.; Koyama, M.; Matsuzaki, N. Placenta, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80415-1	journal	July 1994
Prevalence of broadly neutralizing antibody responses during chronic HIV-1 infection Hraber, Peter; Seaman, Michael S.; Bailer, Robert T. AIDS, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000106	journal	January 2014
HIV-1 antibody 3BNC117 suppresses viral rebound in humans during treatment interruption Scheid, Johannes F.; Horwitz, Joshua A.; Bar-On, Yotam Nature, Vol. 535, Issue 7613 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18929	journal	June 2016
The role of neutralizing antibodies in prevention of HIV-1 infection: what can we learn from the mother-to-child transmission context? Braibant, Martine; Barin, Francis Retrovirology, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-10-103	journal	October 2013
Mimicry of an HIV broadly neutralizing antibody epitope with a synthetic glycopeptide Alam, S. Munir; Aussedat, Baptiste; Vohra, Yusuf Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 9, Issue 381 https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7521	journal	March 2017
Subtype-specific conservation of isoleucine 309 in the envelope V3 domain is linked to immune evasion in subtype C HIV-1 infection Lynch, Rebecca M.; Rong, Rong; Li, Bing Virology, Vol. 404, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.010	journal	August 2010
Development of broadly neutralizing antibodies from autologous neutralizing antibody responses in HIV infection Derdeyn, Cynthia A.; Moore, Penny L.; Morris, Lynn Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000057	journal	January 2014
HIV-1 envelope pseudotyped viral vectors and infectious molecular clones expressing the same envelope glycoprotein have a similar neutralization phenotype, but culture in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with decreased neutralization sensitivity Louder, Mark K.; Sambor, Anna; Chertova, Elena Virology, Vol. 339, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.003	journal	September 2005
Maternal IgG1 and IgA antibody to V3 loop consensus sequence and maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission Markham, R. B.; Coberly, J.; Ruff, A. J. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(94)90471-5	journal	October 1994
HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design Bricault, Christine A.; Yusim, Karina; Seaman, Michael S. Cell Host & Microbe, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.016	journal	August 2019
Pertussis vaccine in pregnancy—first dose for every infant? McIntyre, Peter B.; Clark, Thomas A. The Lancet, Vol. 384, Issue 9953 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60977-6	journal	October 2014
Maternal Binding and Neutralizing IgG Responses Targeting the C-Terminal Region of the V3 Loop Are Predictive of Reduced Peripartum HIV-1 Transmission Risk Martinez, David R.; Vandergrift, Nathan; Douglas, Ayooluwa O. Journal of Virology, Vol. 91, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02422-16	journal	February 2017
Genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope V3 region isolates from mothers and infants after perinatal transmission. Ahmad, N.; Baroudy, B. M.; Baker, R. C. Journal of virology, Vol. 69, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.69.2.1001-1012.1995	journal	January 1995
Selection for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycosylation Variants with Shorter V1-V2 Loop Sequences Occurs during Transmission of Certain Genetic Subtypes and May Impact Viral RNA Levels Chohan, Bhavna; Lang, Dorothy; Sagar, Manish Journal of Virology, Vol. 79, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.10.6528-6531.2005	journal	May 2005
Maternal but Not Infant Anti-HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Response Associates with Enhanced Transmission and Infant Morbidity Ghulam-Smith, Melissa; Olson, Alex; White, Laura F. mBio, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01373-17	journal	October 2017
Maternal HIV-1 envelope–specific antibody responses and reduced risk of perinatal transmission Permar, Sallie R.; Fong, Youyi; Vandergrift, Nathan Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 125, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1172/jci81593	journal	June 2015
Mimicry of an HIV broadly neutralizing antibody epitope with a synthetic glycopeptide Hua-Xin, Liao,; R., Mascola, John; Amanda, Eaton, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries https://doi.org/10.17615/8pms-aw04	text	January 2017
Evolution of an HIV glycan–dependent broadly neutralizing antibody epitope through immune escape Tandile, Hermanus,; Abdool, Karim, Quarraisha; E., Lambson, Bronwen The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries https://doi.org/10.17615/e8bk-6082	text	January 2012
Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection F., Salazar-Gonzalez, Jesus; P., Busch, Michael; S., Perelson, Alan The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries https://doi.org/10.17615/f6s9-vz03	text	January 2008
Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination: from protecting women and newborns to protecting all Vandelaer, Jos; Raza, Azhar; Zulu, Flint International Journal of Women's Health https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s50539	journal	February 2015

Similar Records

Infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses from peripartum transmission are neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma

Journal Article · Thu Apr 19 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · PLoS Pathogens · OSTI ID:1767003

Kumar, Amit; Smith, Claire E. P.; Giorgi, Elena E.; +11 more

Human non-neutralizing HIV-1 envelope monoclonal antibodies limit the number of founder viruses during SHIV mucosal infection in rhesus macaques

Journal Article · Mon Aug 03 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · PLoS Pathogens · OSTI ID:1767003

Santra, Sampa; Tomaras, Georgia D.; Warrier, Ranjit; +44 more

Mutations that confer resistance to broadly-neutralizing antibodies define HIV-1 variants of transmitting mothers from that of non-transmitting mothers

Journal Article · Fri Apr 02 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · PLoS Pathogens · OSTI ID:1767003

Kumar, Amit; Giorgi, Elena E.; Tu, Joshua J.; +7 more

Related Subjects

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
biological science
bNAbs
infant-T/F virus
mother-to-child transmission
HIV
neutralization
MTCT
antibody
vertical transmission
virus

Title: Maternal Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Can Select for Neutralization-Resistant, Infant-Transmitted/Founder HIV Variants

Citation Formats

References (66)

Similar Records

Related Subjects