skip to main content
OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Progress and prospects of thermo-mechanical energy storage – A critical review

Journal Article · · Progress in Energy
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3];  [4];  [5]; ORCiD logo [6];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [8]; ORCiD logo [1]
  1. Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)
  2. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
  3. Univ. of Cambridge (United Kingdom)
  4. Nanyang Technological Univ. (Singapore). Energy Research Inst.
  5. Nanyang Technological Univ. (Singapore). Energy Research Inst.; School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (Singapore)
  6. Univ. of Birmingham (United Kingdom)
  7. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Stuttgart (Germany)
  8. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China)

The share of electricity generated by intermittent renewable energy sources is increasing (now at 26% of global electricity generation) and the requirements of affordable, reliable and secure energy supply designate grid-scale storage as an imperative component of most energy transition pathways. The most widely deployed bulk energy storage solution is pumped-hydro energy storage (PHES), however, this technology is geographically constrained. Alternatively, flow batteries are location independent and have higher energy densities than PHES, but remain associated with high costs and low lifetimes, which highlights the importance of developing and utilizing additional larger-scale, longer-duration and long-lifetime energy storage alternatives. Here, we review a class of promising bulk energy storage technologies based on thermo-mechanical principles, which includes: compressed-air energy storage (CAES), liquid-air energy storage (LAES) and pumped-thermal electricity storage (PTES). The thermodynamic principles upon which these thermo-mechanical energy storage (TMES) technologies are based are discussed and a synopsis of recent progress in their development is presented, assessing their ability to provide reliable and cost-effective solutions. The current performance and future prospects of TMES systems are examined within a unified framework and a thermoeconomic analysis is conducted to explore their competitiveness relative to each other as well as when compared to PHES and flow battery systems. This includes carefully selected thermodynamic and economic methodologies for estimating the component costs of each configuration in order to provide a detailed and fair comparison at various system sizes. The analysis reveals that the technical and economic characteristics of TMES systems are such that, especially at higher discharge power ratings and longer discharge durations, they can offer promising performance (round-trip efficiencies higher than 60%) along with high lifetimes (> 30 years), low specific costs (often below 100 $/kWh), low ecological footprints and unique sector-coupling features compared to other storage options. TMES systems have significant potential for further progress and the thermoeconomic comparisons in this paper can be used as a benchmark for their future evolution.

Research Organization:
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC36-08GO28308; EP/P004709/1; EP/S032622/1; EP/R045518/1; NE/L002515/1
OSTI ID:
1764902
Report Number(s):
NREL/JA-5700-76704; MainId:9365; UUID:8bc03f5f-9e07-4202-a42d-f15a2c332c4c; MainAdminID:19206
Journal Information:
Progress in Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 2; ISSN 2516-1083
Publisher:
IOP PublishingCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (132)

Photovoltaic technology and visions for the future journal July 2019
All UK electricity supplied by wind and photovoltaics – The 30–30 rule journal February 2019
Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems journal May 2019
Energy system transformations for limiting end-of-century warming to below 1.5 °C journal May 2015
Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation journal January 2015
Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review journal March 2009
Energy storage in the energy transition context: A technology review journal November 2016
Comparative assessment of the environmental impacts of nuclear, wind and hydro-electric power plants in Ontario: A life cycle assessment journal October 2017
Flow Batteries journal January 2010
Recent development of membrane for vanadium redox flow battery applications: A review journal March 2019
Thermo-mechanical concepts for bulk energy storage journal August 2017
A thermo-economic analysis and comparison of pumped-thermal and liquid-air electricity storage systems journal September 2018
On the value of liquid-air and pumped-thermal electricity storage systems in low-carbon electricity systems journal February 2020
Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage: A technology overview journal June 2018
A review on compressed air energy storage: Basic principles, past milestones and recent developments journal May 2016
Thermodynamic Analysis of High‐Temperature Carnot Battery Concepts journal October 2019
A review on compressed air energy storage – A pathway for smart grid and polygeneration journal September 2016
Compressed Air Energy Storage Installation for Renewable Energy Generation journal January 2019
Optimal selection of air expansion machine in Compressed Air Energy Storage: A review journal May 2018
Assessment of the Huntorf compressed air energy storage plant performance under enhanced modifications journal April 2020
Improving the technical, environmental and social performance of wind energy systems using biomass-based energy storage journal July 2006
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) with compressors distributed at heat loads to enable waste heat utilization journal March 2013
Compressed air energy storage with waste heat export: An Alberta case study journal February 2014
Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage with packed bed thermal energy storage journal October 2015
Dynamic simulation of Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (A-CAES) plant with integrated thermal storage – Link between components performance and plant performance journal January 2017
Simulation and analysis of different adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage plant configurations journal May 2012
LTA-CAES – A low-temperature approach to Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage journal July 2014
Modelling study, efficiency analysis and optimisation of large-scale Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage systems with low-temperature thermal storage journal January 2016
Theoretical evaluation on the impact of heat exchanger in Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage system journal October 2014
A comparative research of two adiabatic compressed air energy storage systems journal January 2016
Off-design performance and an optimal operation strategy for the multistage compression process in adiabatic compressed air energy storage systems journal February 2019
Thermodynamic analysis of an improved adiabatic compressed air energy storage system journal December 2016
Performance optimization of adiabatic compressed air energy storage with ejector technology journal February 2016
Thermal analysis of near-isothermal compressed gas energy storage system journal October 2016
Investigation and optimisation of hybrid electricity storage systems based on compressed air and supercapacitors text January 2006
Open Accumulator Concept for Compact Fluid Power Energy Storage
  • Li, Perry Y.; Van de Ven, James D.; Sancken, Caleb
  • ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Volume 4: Design, Analysis, Control and Diagnosis of Fluid Power Systems https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2007-42580
conference May 2009
Conceptual design of ocean compressed air energy storage system conference October 2012
A near-isothermal expander for isothermal compressed air energy storage system journal September 2018
Innovative isothermal oil-free co-rotating scroll compressor–expander for energy storage with first expander tests journal September 2014
An approach to reduce the flow requirement for a liquid piston near-isothermal air compressor/expander in a compressed air energy storage system journal November 2016
Design, modeling and experimental validation of a novel finned reciprocating compressor for Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage applications journal December 2017
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Phase Change Materials on Compressed Air Expansion in CAES Plants journal July 2015
Energy and exergy analysis of a micro-compressed air energy storage and air cycle heating and cooling system journal January 2010
Dynamic modeling and simulation of an Isobaric Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (IA-CAES) system journal June 2017
Design and testing of Energy Bags for underwater compressed air energy storage journal March 2014
Parameters affecting scalable underwater compressed air energy storage journal December 2014
Storage system for distributed-energy generation using liquid air combined with liquefied natural gas journal February 2018
A Low-Pollution On-Site, Energy Storage System for Peak-Power Supply conference April 2015
Storage of Electrical Energy Using Supercritical Liquid Air journal June 1977
Evaluation of energy storage method using liquid air journal January 2000
Liquid air energy storage – Analysis and first results from a pilot scale demonstration plant journal January 2015
Thermodynamic analysis of energy storage with a liquid air Rankine cycle journal April 2013
Thermodynamic analysis of a liquid air energy storage system journal December 2015
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Novel Liquid Air Energy Storage System journal January 2015
Liquid air energy storage (LAES) with packed bed cold thermal storage – From component to system level performance through dynamic modelling journal March 2017
A study on performance of a liquid air energy storage system with packed bed units journal February 2018
Storing energy for cooling demand management in tropical climates: A techno-economic comparison between different energy storage technologies journal February 2017
Liquid nitrogen energy storage for air conditioning and power generation in domestic applications journal November 2016
Analysis and assessment of novel liquid air energy storage system with district heating and cooling capabilities journal December 2017
Enhancement of round trip efficiency of liquid air energy storage through effective utilization of heat of compression journal November 2017
Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS) analysis of liquid air energy storage system integrated with Organic Rankine Cycle journal May 2020
Liquid Air Energy Storage performance enhancement by means of Organic Rankine Cycle and Absorption Chiller journal October 2018
Thermodynamic study on the effect of cold and heat recovery on performance of liquid air energy storage journal July 2018
Compressed air energy storage with liquid air capacity extension journal November 2015
Thermodynamic analysis and optimisation of a combined liquid air and pumped thermal energy storage cycle journal August 2018
Fundamentals and applications of cryogen as a thermal energy carrier: A critical assessment journal June 2010
Exergy-Based and Economic Evaluation of Liquefaction Processes for Cryogenics Energy Storage journal February 2019
A preliminary study on the optimal configuration and operating range of a “microgrid scale” air liquefaction plant for Liquid Air Energy Storage journal July 2017
Thermodynamic characteristics of a novel supercritical compressed air energy storage system journal May 2016
Overview of Compressed Air Energy Storage and Technology Development journal July 2017
Improving liquefaction process of microgrid scale Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) through waste heat recovery (WHR) and absorption chiller journal December 2017
Thermodynamic analysis of hybrid liquid air energy storage systems based on cascaded storage and effective utilization of compression heat journal January 2020
Cryogenic energy storage powered by geothermal energy journal January 2019
Economic analysis of a hybrid energy storage system based on liquid air and compressed air journal December 2015
Analysis and optimisation of thermal energy storage text January 2016
Thermodynamic analysis of pumped thermal electricity storage journal May 2013
Pumped thermal grid storage with heat exchange journal July 2017
Isothermal transcritical CO2 cycles with TES (thermal energy storage) for electricity storage journal January 2013
Thermodynamic Efficiency of Pumped Heat Electricity Storage journal September 2013
Performance optimization and comparison of pumped thermal and pumped cryogenic electricity storage systems journal July 2016
A thermal energy storage process for large scale electric applications journal April 2010
Parametric studies and optimisation of pumped thermal electricity storage journal January 2015
Concept and Development of a Pumped Heat Electricity Storage Device journal February 2012
Modelling and development of thermo-mechanical energy storage text January 2019
Performance response of packed-bed thermal storage to cycle duration perturbations journal October 2018
Cyclic transient behavior of the Joule–Brayton based pumped heat electricity storage: Modeling and analysis journal September 2019
Experimental and numerical investigation of a pilot-scale thermal oil packed bed thermal storage system for CSP power plant journal July 2014
A temperature threshold evaluation for thermocline energy storage in concentrated solar power plants journal February 2018
Experimental and numerical investigation of combined sensible–latent heat for thermal energy storage at 575°C and above journal April 2015
Segmented thermal storage journal October 2004
Analysis and optimisation of packed-bed thermal reservoirs for electricity storage applications
  • White, Alexander J.; McTigue, Joshua D.; Markides, Christos N.
  • Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, Vol. 230, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650916668447
journal September 2016
Segmented packed beds for improved thermal energy storage performance journal July 2016
Mainstreaming commercial CSP systems: A technology review journal September 2019
Solar Salt – Pushing an old material for energy storage to a new limit journal March 2020
Effect of Compression and Expansion on Instantaneous Heat Transfer in Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines journal August 1987
A Framework for the Analysis of Thermal Losses in Reciprocating Compressors and Expanders journal April 2014
Performance and cost evaluation of an innovative Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage power system journal November 2017
Thermodynamic analysis of a High Temperature Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (HT-PTES) integrated with a parallel organic Rankine cycle (ORC) journal December 2018
Ultra-high temperature thermal energy storage. part 1: concepts journal October 2017
Ultra-high temperature thermal energy storage. Part 2: Engineering and operation journal August 2018
Electrothermal energy storage with transcritical CO 2 cycles journal September 2012
Conceptual design of a thermo-electrical energy storage system based on heat integration of thermodynamic cycles – Part A: Methodology and base case journal September 2012
Conceptual design of a thermo-electrical energy storage system based on heat integration of thermodynamic cycles – Part B: Alternative system configurations journal September 2012
Thermoeconomic design optimization of a thermo-electric energy storage system based on transcritical CO2 cycles journal September 2013
Thermo-Electric Energy Storage involving CO2 transcritical cycles and ground heat storage journal September 2016
Experimental Study of Supercritical CO 2 Heat Transfer in a Thermo-Electric Energy Storage Based on Rankine and Heat-Pump Cycles journal September 2017
Control of a Supercritical CO2 Electro-Thermal Energy Storage System
  • Wright, S. A.; Z’Graggen, A.; Hemrle, J.
  • ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, Volume 8: Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles; Wind Energy; Honors and Awards https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2013-95326
conference November 2013
The effect of storage temperature on the performance of a thermo-electric energy storage using a transcritical CO 2 cycle journal October 2014
Pumped thermal energy storage and bottoming system part A: Concept and model journal February 2017
Pumped Thermal Energy Storage and Bottoming System Part B: Sensitivity analysis and baseline performance journal January 2017
A study of working fluids for transcritical pumped thermal energy storage cycles conference July 2019
The CHEST (Compressed Heat Energy STorage) concept for facility scale thermo mechanical energy storage journal May 2014
Development of high temperature phase-change-material storages journal September 2013
Thermoeconomic analysis of a solar enhanced energy storage concept based on thermodynamic cycles journal September 2012
Thermo-Electric Energy Storage with Solar Heat Integration: Exergy and Exergo-Economic Analysis journal February 2019
A pumped thermal energy storage cycle with capacity for concentrated solar power integration conference July 2019
Integration of heat pumps into thermal plants for creation of large-scale electricity storage capacities journal December 2016
A novel Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (PTES) system with thermal integration journal July 2017
Detailed numerical investigation of a pumped thermal energy storage with low temperature heat integration journal February 2018
Techno-economic evaluation of a solar assisted combined heat pump – Organic Rankine Cycle system journal April 2015
Experimental investigation of a reversible heat pump/organic Rankine cycle unit designed to be coupled with a passive house to get a Net Zero Energy Building journal June 2015
Thermodynamic and economic evaluation of an innovative electricity storage system based on thermal energy storage journal May 2020
Low-Concentration Solar-Power Systems Based on Organic Rankine Cycles for Distributed-Scale Applications: Overview and Further Developments journal December 2015
Ultra high temperature latent heat energy storage and thermophotovoltaic energy conversion journal July 2016
A review of large-scale electrical energy storage: This paper gives a broad overview of the plethora of energy storage journal February 2015
Compressed air energy storage: Thermodynamic and economic review conference July 2014
Potential for Large Scale Energy Storage Technologies – Comparison and Ranking Including an Outlook to 2030 journal June 2015
Techno-economic and environmental assessment of stationary electricity storage technologies for different time scales journal November 2017
On the importance of reducing the energetic and material demands of electrical energy storage journal January 2013
CGAM problem: Definition and conventional solution journal March 1994
Economics of compressed air energy storage to integrate wind power: A case study in ERCOT journal May 2011
Thermal Energy Storage in Molten Salts: Overview of Novel Concepts and the DLR Test Facility TESIS journal November 2016